In comparison to ethanol biofuel, butanol is considerably less corrosive, permitting the utilization of existing infrastructures used to ship gasoline or diesel for its distribution. Less corrosive also means that butanol can be utilized with no engine alteration. If butanol is mixed with water, it is less likely to split from the main fuel, thus facilitating the storage and distribution of blended fuels. Butanol also comprises a comparable energy content to petrol fuel, with 25% more energy density/liter as opposed to ethanol. All these excellent qualities have led to higher engine performance, enabling the vehicles to achieve higher mileage using butanol with no significant issue. Several challenges and future research directions are discussed and in the last section of this review article, we emphasize the importance of an optical engine to diagnose engine combustion in more detail. The consequence of using butanol on spark ignition engine on cold start and knock phenomena are also worth investigating. Results on the spray, the pressure inside the cylinder, rate of heat release, and detonation are thus required.

To make morphological matrix based conceptual design more efficient, a systematic procedure which enables complete extraction of the feasible solution variants (concepts) is developed. The approach entails: functional decomposition, generation of alternative solution principles for each subfunction, formation of combinatorial solution variants chains, and 3D space matrix and multiobjective concept optimisation-based concept screening. The approach was tested using the conceptual design of river cleaning machine. 625 theoretical concepts are obtained from the morphological matrix. The concepts are screened to 114 feasible concepts and optimised to obtain a preliminary design concept. Consequently, the concept selected for the river cleaning machine is outstanding based on efficiency, manufacturability, repairability and cost.

The search for environmentally sound, socially responsible, and economically viable renewable fuel generation methods is a major global concern. A type of aviation fuel called jet fuel or often spelled avtur is intended for use in aeroplanes with turbine (gas) engines. Jet fuel appears colourless. The fuels Jet A and Jet A-1 are the most frequently used ones in commercial aviation sector. Other than Jet B, which is utilised for its enhanced cold-weather operation, there are no other jet fuels that are frequently used in gas-turbine-engine in the aviation industry. Renewable aviation fuel or known as bio-jet fuels represent a sizable sector for the consumption of fossil fuels. The production of bioethanol and biodiesel for piston engine vehicles in internal combustion engines has already shown that biofuel can play a significant role in the development of sustainable renewable aviation jet fuel. Here, we also provide a book review on the potential bio-jet fuel as a renewable aviation jet fuel.