The tensile and impact properties of polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE)/Al/W reactive energetic composites were investigated using a universal materials testing machine and an improved pendulum impact tester at room temperature. Samples of four types, all containing W, of differing composition and particle size were prepared by cold pressing and sintering. With increasing W content in the PTFE/Al/W samples, the mass loss during sintering and the density of the materials obtained increased. The addition of microlevel W led to the tensile strength decreasing from 25.3 to 19.8 MPa, while the elongation changed little, but substituting nanolevel W for 5 wt% Al yields a maximal strength of 31.4 MPa. The failure behavior of PTFE/Al/W includes deformation, fracture, disorganization and reaction, in four steps. The addition of 30 wt% of coarse W particles improved the impact strength of the material, but the reactive activity increased and the perfectability of the reaction decreased.
Background
Climate change caused by environmental pollution is the most important one of many environmental health hazards currently faced by human beings. In particular, the extreme temperature is an important risk factor for death from respiratory and circulatory diseases. This study aims to explore the meteorological-health effect and find out the vulnerable individuals of extreme temperature events in a less developed city in western China.
Method
We collected the meteorological data and data of death caused by respiratory and circulatory diseases in Mianyang City from 2013 to 2019. The nonlinear distributed lag model and the generalized additive models were combined to study the influence of daily average temperature (DAT) on mortality from respiratory and circulatory diseases in different genders, ages.
Results
The exposure-response curves between DAT and mortality from respiratory and circulatory diseases presented a nonlinear characteristic of the “V” type. Cumulative Relative Risk of 30 days (CRR30) of deaths from respiratory diseases with 4.48 (2.98, 6.73) was higher than that from circulatory diseases with 2.77 (1.96, 3.92) at extremely low temperature, while there was no obvious difference at extremely high temperature. The health effects of low temperatures on the respiratory system of people of all ages and genders were persistent, while that of high temperatures were acute and short-term. The circulatory systems of people aged < 65 years were more susceptible to acute effects of cold temperatures, while the effects were delayed in females and people aged ≥65 years.
Conclusion
Both low and high temperatures increased the risk of mortality from respiratory and circulatory diseases. Cold effects seemed to last longer than heat did.
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