Lights, CO2, action! Selective CO2 reduction by hybrid photocatalysts such as a p‐type semiconductor and a ruthenium complex catalyst (see picture) was induced by visible light. The quantum efficiency for HCOOH production was 1.9 % at 405 nm. For electron transfer, it is essential that the potential of the conduction band minimum of the semiconductor is more negative than the reduction potential of the complex catalyst.

A Good Judge of Distance Jumping spiders actively pursue their prey, often jumping relatively long distances in order to catch them. Such feats require accurate depth perception. Nagata et al. (p. 469 ; see the Perspective by Herberstein and Kemp ) show that jumping spiders use a process called image defocus, which allows depth perception to be obtained through the comparison of a nonfocused image to a focused image within the same eye. A single layer within the spider's eye that could not focus green light nevertheless contained a green sensitive pigment. Thus, this layer always receives an unfocused image, while other layers receive images in focus. Confirming this eye arrangement's role in depth perception, spiders unlucky enough to be bathed in green light nearly always jumped short of their target.

Hybrid photocatalysts consisting of a ruthenium complex and p-type photoactive N-doped Ta(2)O(5) anchored with an organic group were successfully synthesized by a direct assembly method. The photocatalyst anchored by phosphonate exhibited excellent photoconversion activity of CO(2) to formic acid under visible-light irradiation with respect to the reaction rate and stability.

We have investigated the effect of N doping into Cu 2 O films deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering. With increasing N-doping concentration up to 3%, the optical bandgap energy is enlarged from ϳ2.1 to ϳ2.5 eV with retaining p-type conductivity as determined by optical absorption and Hall effect measurements. Additionally, photoelectron spectroscopy in air measurements shows an increase in the valence and conduction band shifts with N doping. These experimental results demonstrate possible optical bandgap widening of p-type N-doped Cu 2 O films, which is a phenomenon that is probably associated with significant structural changes induced by N doping, as suggested from x-ray diffraction measurements.

We report dual functional modulation, both p-type conduction and band gap narrowing, of Ta2O5 semiconductor induced by heavy doping of nitrogen in films sputtered in N2/Ar mixture and ammonia-treated powders. The N doping induced a redshift in the optical absorption edge from 320 to 500 nm, resulting in the absorption of visible light. Simultaneously, the N doping caused a change in the conduction from n-type to p-type. As a result, the N–Ta2O5 photoelectrode containing 7.6 or 16.1 at. % of N exhibited a distinct cathodic photocurrent (due to p-type conduction) in solutions under visible light irradiation (>410 nm).

Clodronate, a non-N-containing bisphosphonate, strongly inhibits bone resorption and also has anti-inflammatory properties. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the local administration of clodronate on orthodontic tooth movement. Both the right and left upper first molars of 26 7-week-old male Wistar rats were moved buccally with a standardized expansion spring. Clodronate solution was injected into the sub-periosteum area adjacent to the left upper molar every third day during the experimental period. The right first molar served as the control. Local injection of clodronate caused a significant (P < 0.001) and dose-dependent reduction in tooth movement in the rats. The number of osteoclasts on the clodronate-injected side was significantly less (P < 0.01) than on the control side. Local clodronate also inhibited root resorption incident to tooth movement. These results suggest that localized use of clodronate could be a useful therapeutic adjunct in orthodontic treatment.

Licht, CO2, Action! Die selektive CO2‐Reduktion durch Hybridphotokatalysatoren aus einem p‐Halbleiter und einem Rutheniumkatalysator (siehe Bild) wurde durch sichtbares Licht induziert. Die Quantenausbeute der HCOOH‐Bildung betrug bei 405 nm 1.9 %. Damit Elektronentransfer stattfindet, muss das Potential des Leitungsbandminimums des Halbleiters negativer sein als das Reduktionspotential des Komplexkatalysators.

Sex hormones, including estradiol, play important physiological roles in bone metabolism. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there is estrous-cycle-dependent variation in orthodontic tooth movement, and, if so, to determine the mechanism. Ten-week-old female Wistar rats were used. They received repeated orthodontic force during specific phases in the estrous cycle. Tooth movement in animals that received force principally in estrus was about 33% greater than that in animals that received such force principally in pro-estrus (p < 0.05). Serum estradiol levels also varied according to the estrous cycle, with a peak during pro-estrus and a nadir during estrus, and were inversely related to tooth movement. Furthermore, there were negative correlations between estradiol and both serum TRAP activity and pyridinoline (r = -0.42, p < 0.05; r = -0.59, p < 0.001). These results suggest that cyclic changes in the estradiol level may be associated with the estrous-cycle-dependent variation in tooth movement through its effects on bone resorption.