The activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system prevents the uptake of norepinephrine in the myocardium. However, the additive effects of combined spironolactone and candesartan on cardiac sympathetic nerve activity (CSNA) have not been determined. We investigated the effects of the angiotensin-receptor blocker candesartan alone and in combination with spironolactone on CSNA in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). Methods: Fifty patients with CHF (left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF] , 45%) were randomly assigned to candesartan plus spironolactone (group A; n 5 25) or to candesartan alone (group B; n 5 25). All patients were also treated with a loop diuretic. The delayed percent denervation, delayed heart-tomediastinum count (H/M) ratio, and washout rate (WR) were determined from 123 I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scintigraphy, and plasma brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) concentration was measured before and 6 mo after treatment. The LV enddiastolic volume (LVEDV), LV end-systolic volume (LVESV), and LVEF were also determined by echocardiography. Results: After 6 mo, all of these parameters were improved in both groups. However, the degree of change in the percent denervation was 214 6 12 in group A and 27 6 10 in group B (P , 0.05); the change in the H/M ratio was 0.19 6 0.18 in group A and 0.08 6 0.14 in group B (P , 0.05), the change in WR was 212% 6 8% in group A and 25% 6 13% in group B (P , 0.05), and the change in plasma BNP was 2100 6 83 pg/mL in group A and 243 6 97 pg/mL in group B (P , 0.05). The degree of change in LVEDV, LVESV, and LVEF in group A tended to be better than that in group B, but these changes were not statistically significant. Moreover, there were significant correlations between changes in the 123 I-MIBG scintigraphic findings and changes in the LVEDV (% denervation, r 5 0.692, P , 0.001; H/M ratio, r 5 20.437, P , 0.05; and WR, r 5 0.505, P , 0.01) or the LVESV (% denervation, r 5 0.663, P , 0.001; H/M ratio, r 5 20.438, P , 0.05; and WR, r 5 0.532, P , 0.01) in group A. In contrast, there was no relationship between these parameters in group B. Conclusion: These findings indicate that the combination of spironolactone and candesartan may be more beneficial for CSNA and LV performance than candesartan alone in patients with CHF.