This paper theoretically and empirically investigates the home‐country effects of a firm's outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) activity, specifically OFDI motivated by lower labor costs in the host country. A two‐country imperfect competition model is developed, and the interaction between a firm's R&D spending and its OFDI is examined. It is found that the relationship between a firm's OFDI and its domestic R&D is indeterminate because there is a complementary effect as well as a substitution effect induced by OFDI activity. Panel data on Taiwanese manufacturing firms from 1992–2005 are applied to test the validity of the theoretical results. The propensity score matching method is used to construct a comparison group without selection bias. Our empirical evidence reveals that a Taiwanese firm's OFDI is positively related to its domestic R&D spending, particularly in R&D‐intensive industries.
This paper develops a game-theoretical model to investigate heterogeneous firms' entry mode choice of international expansion. The distinct feature of this paper is that exchange rate, R&D competition, and intra-industry firm heterogeneity are incorporated into the theoretical framework. The possible impact of a firm's outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) on its R&D spending and other non-OFDI firms' R&D spending is also examined. Our analytical results indicate that, if host country has lower labor costs, when facing rising domestic labor costs or appreciation of home currency, a firm with lower productivity in production or R&D activity will choose OFDI, whereas the firms with higher productivity will produce at home and export. In addition, our results demonstrate that the impact of OFDI on R&D spending is ambiguous, depending on firm heterogeneity as well as the wage gap between home country and host country.
<p>The wearable body surface microfluidic system has great application potential in the field of sports. The use of the wearable body surface microfluidic system to monitor the physiological state of athletes can solve problems faced such as long inspection cycle in sports monitoring, difficulties in continuous monitoring, dependence on laboratory platforms, athlete resistance and other problems faced in technological integration to promote the development of the sports field. In recent years, the development of key technologies such as microfluidic chips and microneedle delivery provides an ideal solution for real-time monitoring and even immediate intervention of physiological states during exercise. This paper summarizes the latest research progress of wearable body surface microfluidic systems and focuses on eight wearable body surface microfluidic systems that may be applied in the field of sports, with their application prospects in sports analyzed and discussed. Finally, the application direction of the wearable body surface microfluidic system that may achieve breakthroughs is illustrated with the prospect demonstration of the future research and development direction of wearable sports equipment. This paper aims to focus on technical problems in the development of the sports field, provide multi-disciplinary solutions and advocate technology integration as well as provide scientific and technological assistance for the development of the sports field.</p>
The development and expansion of Shanghai have attracted many labor migrants. Because the migrants hold a non-local hukou (household registration), they can only access minimal social services in urban areas. One of the reforms introduced by the local government of Shanghai is the Residential Points System (RPS), which would allow qualified migrants to access more social services. The policy has created a new social class: the “point-seeking group” (PSG), which refers to migrants who try to obtain urban social benefits through the points-earning clauses of the RPS. This study examines the integration experiences of the PSG in Shanghai. Findings from the study suggest that the PSG has encountered “disrupted social integration” in which institutional constraints pose a major barrier to the economic and social integration of first- and second-generation migrants.
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