Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) is an excitatory G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) present in the spinal cord dorsal horn (SCDH) where it has a well-established role in pain. In addition to its traditional location on the cytoplasmic membrane, recent evidence shows that these receptors are present intracellularly on the nuclear membrane in the spinal cord dorsal horn and are implicated in neuropathic pain. Nuclear mGluR5 is a functional receptor that binds glutamate entering the cell through the neuronal glutamate transporter (GT) EAAT3 and activates transcription factor c-fos, whereas plasma membrane mGluR5 is responsible for c-jun activation. Here, we extend these findings to a model of inflammatory pain using complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) and show that nuclear mGluR5 is also upregulated in the spinal cord dorsal horn following inflammation. We also show that pretreatment with an excitatory amino acid transporter (EAAT) inhibitor attenuates pain and decreases Fos, but not Jun, expression in complete Freund's adjuvant rats. In contrast, selective glial glutamate transporter inhibitors are pronociceptive and increase spinal glutamate concentrations. Additionally, we found that permeable mGluR5 antagonists are more effective at attenuating pain and Fos expression than nonpermeable group I mGluR antagonists. Taken together, these results suggest that under inflammatory conditions, intracellular mGluR5 is actively involved in the relay of nociceptive information in the spinal cord.
The interval element-free Galerkin method (IEFGM) is proposed to analyze a bi-material cantilever beam, which is an interfacial mechanics problem including uncertain parameters. Interval method could be applied to study the influences of the uncertain parameters on structural responses. The IEFGM could be used to approximate the displacement fields without depending on meshes. Combining these two methods, the interval equilibrium equations are derived, and a method of dealing with the discontinuities on the interface is introduced.
Sixty-one unit adaptive optical system was used to analyze the influence of atmospheric turbulence on laser beam transmission in space laser communication system. From low earth orbit planet to ground station Laser communication system was estimated by means of optical design software. In addition, the compensation results, experimental phenomena and data based on adaptive optics were also analyzed in the paper.
In this paper, we proposed a predator-prey system incorporating Rosenzweig functional response and prey refuges. We will consider the stability property of the equilibria. Our results show that refuges using by prey have stabilizing effect on the considered system.
Non-uniformity of luminance for big screen of LED flat panel display is one of problems affecting its display qualities, but existing widely. This paper analyzes the influences of luminance non-uniformity on LED display images, gives a plan on luminance uniformity correction based on CCD, and then proceeds correction algorithm of correction technology, at last conducts luminance non-uniformity correction for LED flat panel display from brightness datum of CCD image processing, which gives results and analysis before and after correcting.
It is an innovative work to make the electromagnetic damper with strong magnetic material. Firstly, the structural research and the experimental research on the basic performance of electromagnetic damper have been made. Then the theoretical research is conducted based on the above research results. Thus, the paper put forward and deduced the electromagnetic damper restoring force model and the motion parameter’s effects on its performance. Such as vibration frequency and amplitude are also studied in the paper. The results showed that the new electromagnetic damper is characteristic of simple structure and good performance and that the theoretical model coincides well with the results obtained from the experiments. Keywords:strong magnetic material, electromagnetic damper restoring force model, vibration frequency, motion amplitude value.
The lateral stiffness of a car is 1/12 of frontal stiffness for a typical side crash, and the deformable space is smaller than frontal zone too. In order to study the safety characteristic of HSS in car side impact, the side impact test and simulation were respectively completed. The main factors which influence side crashworthiness were carried out and it’s also the basis for further research on the car body crashworthiness of side impact.
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