E. granulosis is the species that prevails in most countries around the world and especially in the Mediterranean region. It is one of the most severe infestations in humans. The biological diagnosis is based on serological tests. Eosinophilia is considered variable because it does occur in cases of a hydatid cyst disease but its absence does not exclude the possibility of a hydatid cyst existence. Imaging diagnostics are important for the classification of the hydatid cysts. Ultrasound is a noninvasive, widely available method with high sensitivity to the diagnosis of hepatic echinococcosis and of low price, therefore it is a method of choice. CT is the method of doubt for a suppuration of a hydatid cyst. An MRI with high contrast resolution of T1 and T2 images demonstrated better pericyst , daughter cysts and matrix. We have reviewed the current trends in the diagnosis of liver cystic echinococcosis.
INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND: The pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PA) is one of the most lethal malignancies being the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Despite the significant progress in diagnostic modalities the PA is still diagnosed at late stages when curative treatment is no longer possible. This unfavorable situation directs the clinician's attention towards palliation and quality of life improvement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a literature review of the recent developments in the area of palliative care for pancreatic cancer patients regarding the management of obstructive jaundice, pain and intestinal obstruction. The experience of our clinic with conventional surgery and nonsurgical methods is analysed and presented. OUR RESULTS: We report our experience with a group of 45 patients. One part of them received conventional surgical treatment, and the other one underwent endoscopic treatment. Both endoscopic stent insertion and surgical bypass appear to be effective treatments, but nonoperative palliation seems to be associated with lower complication rates, lower procedure-related mortality rates, and shorter initial periods of hospitalisation compared with surgical palliation. In one patient we performed recanalisation of a selfexpandable metallic stent by inserting a plastic stent into it. The jaundice was relieved successfully. CONCLUSION: The management of PA patient remains a challenge in spite of the clear progress made in diagnostic studies, surgical and palliation treatments. Multidisciplinary approach is necessary to optimise the overall care. Considering the late diagnosis of the majority of PA patients, palliative techniques should not be neglected, but well mastered.
Rectal carcinoma represents a significant health problem in the modern world. Its high rate of occurrence and mortality in the late stages of the disease stresses the need for better diagnostic, prognostic and predictive methods. We present a review of the literature concerning the staging modalities, including the characteristics of early rectal carcinoma. Endoscopy, endoluminal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging play a major role in the preoperative staging and the restaging of rectal carcinoma. The new devices and technologies improve the diagnostic process, thus providing an option for new management strategies and better results.
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