Flubendiamide, as a new class (Phthalic acid diamide) of pesticide with a wide spectrum of activity against lepidopteran pests extensively used alone or in combination with other insecticides in agriculture system to get protection from insect pests. Due to high specificity and limited approach towards non-target organism, the extensive use of this pesticide as an alternate for organophosphate and organochlorine pesticides, causing an eventual increase in environmental pollution. Five flubendiamide-resistant bacterial strains were isolated during the present study from agriculture soil considering previous history of pesticide application. Minimal inhibitory concentration of all the isolates showed strain SSJ1 was most efficient flubendiamide resistant organism. Biochemical tests and molecular sequencing of 16s rRNA was carried out which confirmed the isolate as Chryseobacterium indologenes strain SSJ1. UV–visible spectrophotometer study revealed that 89.06 % initial pesticide was removed by the isolate at optimum temperature of 35 °C and pH 7.0 with 5 days incubation period and is further confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Results of the present study however, suggest strain SSJ1 is most resistant to flubendiamide and can possibly be applied in the bioremediation of flubendiamide contaminated soils.
Objective: Flubendiamide is extensively used in agriculture practices as foliar application pesticide. Due to long persistency in the soil, flubendiamide pose serious health concern in non-target organisms. Our main objective was to examine flubendiamide impact on burrowing animal Eudrilus eugeniae with special emphasis on avoidance behaviour and neurotoxicity.Methods: Acute toxicity study of flubendiamide (Diamide pesticide) was conducted on earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae through direct paper contact method and artificial soil method. Median lethal concentration (LC50) of flubendiamide was calculated by following probit analysis. The neurotoxic potential of flubendiamide was studied with marker enzyme Acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) levels in both In vivo and In vitro experiments.Results: LC50 in earthworms was found to be 94.4 µg cm -2 at 48h paper contact test and 332.21 mg kg-1 and 238.31 mg kg-1 respectively at 7 and 14 d artificial soil exposure. Morphological and physiological alterations in earthworms attribute to inhibition of AChE levels. The kinetic study of AChE activity in presence and absence of inhibitor suggests the enzyme reaction is competitive in nature. Conclusion:Present study establishes concentration-dependent flubendiamide toxicity in earthworm E. eugeniae. No clear conclusive remarks were made on earthworm avoidance behaviour as the worms were located both in toxic and control soil after 48h of exposure. Further studies may be needed in this aspect to establish clear understanding on avoidance nature of E. eugeniae in different soil types.
Extensive application of pesticides in agricultural and domestic zones has contributed to environmental contamination globally. With aquatic bodies being ultimate recipients of pesticide residues, the inhabiting fauna are known to be largely affected due to their proximity and inevitable exposure. The present investigation was aimed to examine the effect of sublethal (1.11 µg/L) concentration of cypermethrin on biochemical cluster of tadpoles of Duttaphrynus melanostictus. Significant changes were observed in total, soluble and structural protein fractions following cypermethrin exposure to subacute (1, 2, 4 and 6 days) durations in whole animal biochemical composition of Duttaphrynus melanostictus. Marked elevation in free amino acid level was observed at all the exposure tenures. Generation of reactive oxygen species with endpoint induction of oxidative stress were evidenced by decrease in activity of catalase, glutathione-S-transferase and increased levels of hydrogen peroxide, reduced glutathione and malodialdehyde levels. The outcome clearly suggests the increased susceptibility of Duttaphrynus melanostictus tadpoles to sublethal concentrations of cypermethrin, thus implicating the toxicant to possess detrimental health effects on Duttaphrynus melanostictus species. The study may contribute in environmental monitoring and assessment of water bodies with possible cypermethrin contamination.
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