Samples of microcrystalline rare earth-doped magnesium borate materials were synthesized via modified solid-state diffusion and were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. Photoluminescence (PL) results for the MgB 4 O 7 :Dy sample depicts blue emission that resulted from a 4 F 9/2 -6 H 15/2 transition that peaked at 484 nm, which was much stronger than the yellow emission arising due to the 4 F 9/2 -6 H 13/2 transition at 576 nm. From the emission spectra for MgB 4 O 7 :Tb, it seems that at higher concentrations of Tb 3+ ion, the green emission becomes strong and directly relates to the energy transfer from the 5 D 3 excited state to the 5 D 4 excited state through a cross-relaxation, whereas the blue emission is suppressed in MgB 4 O 7 phosphors. The thermoluminescence (TL) of the samples was measured immediately after irradiation and compared by TL curve with CaSO 4 :Dy. MgB 4 O 7 :Dy showed very good TL sensitivity for the desirable dosimetric curve at $218 C and the best glow curve structure. In comparison with the dosimetric peaks for MgB 4 O 7 :Ce and MgB 4 O 7 :Tb, the MgB 4 O 7 :Dy phosphor is equally sensitive to CaSO 4 :Dy. MgB 4 O 7 :Dy and MgB 4 O 7 :Tb showed linearity for a 1-5 kGy dose. The activation energies and frequency factors were also calculated for samples MgB 4 O 7 :RE (where RE = Dy, Tb, Ce) using the peak shape method.
Background: The current study assesses the incidences and grades of phlebitis among patients with IV cannula to determine the association of grades of phlebitis. The purpose of the study was to study the feasibility of Routine replacement versus Clinically indicated replacement of peripheral venous catheters. The study observes the incidences of removing peripheral intravenous catheters when clinically indicated compared with removing and re‐siting the catheter routinely.
Methods: An observational study was conducted in the tertiary care private hospital of Mumbai, India. The study was conducted over 5 weeks from May -June 2020. Purposive sampling was considered during the collection of data. The sample size of the study was 117 patients admitted having peripheral venous catheters. The standard visual infusion phlebitis (VIP) score was used as a tool for data collection. Descriptive analysis was done.
Results: Out of 117 patients (VIP score 0 -56, Score 1- 49, Score -12 no cases with score 3, 4, and 5). Routine replacement of IV cannula after every 5 days is judiciously followed, 45 healthy lines were replaced at score 0; which is the major concern (Rs. 633/- the total cost of replacing 1 PVC line).
Conclusion: Following the routine practice of IV cannula replacement based on VIP score to avoid phlebitis is equally good but simultaneously clinically indicated replacement of IV cannula is advisable to make it cost-effective and reduced number of a prick to the patients; this will help to improve patient satisfaction.
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