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Lactobacillus plantarum demonstrates beneficial immunomodulatory activity by increasing IL-10 synthesis and secretion in macrophages and T-cells derived from the inflamed colon. This may provide a mechanism through which probiotic bacteria ameliorate inappropriate inflammation and induce tolerance.

PICaSSO demonstrates good interobserver agreement across all levels of experience, providing excellent correlation with histology. Given the ability to discriminate subtle endoscopic features, PICaSSO may be applied to refine stratified treatment paradigms for UC patients.

Nurse endoscopy is widely practised in the UK and is not limited to one procedure or solely for diagnostic purposes. Benefits include good patient acceptability, improved care and safety. Most clinicians predict an important but restricted role for nurse endoscopy in contributing to endoscopic services.

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