Objectives Collate and analyse data of maxillofacial/rhino-cerebro-orbital fungal infections reported during the era of the Covid-19 pandemic, with the aim of investigating the common contributing factors leading to such infections and of highlighting the significance of this surge seen in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Method This retrospective observational multi-centric study analysed patient data collected from clinicians belonging to different specialties in Bangalore, India. The data included the presentation and management of patients presenting with aggressive maxillofacial and rhino-cerebro-orbital fungal infections and explored the relationship between SARS-CoV-2, corticosteroid administration and uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. Results All 18 patients were Covid positive. Sixteen of the 18 patients received steroids for Covid treatment and 16 patients were diabetic (of whom 15 patients who were diabetics received steroids for Covid-19 treatment). Loss of vision was noted in 12 of the 18 patients and 7 of them underwent orbital exenteration. The fungi noted was mucormycosis in 16 patients, aspergillosis in 1 patient and a mixed fungal infection in 1 patient. Eleven of the patients survived, 6 died and 1 was lost to follow-up. There was a significantly higher incidence of diabetes ( p = 0.03) amongst these cohort of patients who were Covid-19 positive with mucormycosis. A significantly higher number ( p = 0.0013) of patients were administered steroids at some point during the treatment. Conclusion Despite the limited sample size, it is evident that there is a significant increase in the incidence of angioinvasive maxillofacial fungal infections in diabetic patients treated for SARS-CoV-2 with a strong association with corticosteroid administration.

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Hence the use of 25 % dextrose as a proliferant to treat hypermobilty disorders of the TMJ is recommended by us as a first line treatment option as it is safe, economical and an easy procedure associated with minimal morbidity.

ObjectivesThe study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of performing a second, repeat anterior maxillary distraction (AMD) to treat residual cleft maxillary hypoplasia.Materials and MethodsFive patients between the ages of 12 to 15 years with a history of AMD and with residual cleft maxillary hypoplasia were included in the study. Inclusion was irrespective of gender, type of cleft lip and palate, and the amount of advancement needed. Repeat AMD was executed in these patients 4 to 5 years after the primary AMD procedure to correct the cleft maxillary hypoplasia that had developed since the initial procedure. Orthopantomogram (OPG) and lateral cephalograms were taken for evaluation preoperatively, immediately after distraction, after consolidation, and one year postoperatively. The data obtained was tabulated and a Mann Whitney U-test was used for statistical comparisons.ResultsAt the time of presentation, a residual maxillary hypoplasia was observed with a well maintained distraction gap on the OPG which ruled out the occurrence of a relapse. Favorable movement of the segments without any resistance was seen in all patients. Mean maxillary advancement of 10.56 mm was achieved at repeat AMD. Statistically significant increases in midfacial length, SNA angle, and nasion perpendicular to point A distance was achieved (P=0.012, P=0.011, and P=0.012, respectively). Good profile was achieved for all patients. Minimal transient complications, for example anterior open bite and bleeding episodes, were managed.ConclusionAddressing the problem of cleft maxillary hypoplasia at an early age (12–15 years) is beneficial for the child. Residual hypoplasia may develop in some patients, which may require additional corrective procedures. The results of our study show that AMD can be repeated when residual deformity develops with the previous procedure having no negative impact on the results of the repeat procedure.

Background: Modified radical mastectomy is a frequent surgery employed as a therapeutic procedure in patients with breast carcinoma with involvement of axillary lymph nodes. Many patients suffer from severe shoulder complaints after axillary lymph node dissection even with postoperative rehabilitation. Pre-operative exercise and education are recommended to reduce the incidence of breast cancer related upper limb dysfunction; it will shorten the recovery time. The objectives of the study are to determine the influence of pre-operative physiotherapy on shoulder ROM using goniometer in subjects with modified radical mastectomy and to determine the influence of pre-operative physiotherapy on functional activities using shoulder pain and disability index (SPADI) in subjects with modified radical mastectomy.Methods: 30 Subjects of adult women included in the study who met the inclusion criteria, divided into 2 groups. Experimental Group received preoperative physical therapy education and exercises 1-2 weeks before surgery and routine physical therapy protocol after surgery. Control Group received standard education brochure preoperatively and routine physical therapy post operatively. Measurements included shoulder ROM and functional evaluation using goniometer and SPADI. Measurements were taken at baseline i.e., pre operatively, post operatively at 4 th day after removal of drains, and 1month after surgery.Results: All measures were significantly reduced after surgery, but most recovered after 1month of surgery and attained functional level in experimental Group. Conclusion:This study provides experimental evidence that preoperative education and exercise influence the postoperative shoulder ROM and functional activities after modified radical mastectomy.