From times unknown tobacco and its consumable other forms have been fancied by man. Men suffered consequences but not until the second half of the twentieth century its side effects were studied. In the turn of the century cancer turned out to be the top killer worldwide and the tobacco use was found to be the main culprit of the above said condition. The study mainly aims to assess the harmful effects in the oral epithelial cells with each passing years. The sample size consisted of 60 people who were divided into four groups. All the volunteers were between 25 to 50 years. It is very clear in the study that the risk of having a carcinoma increases with the time of consumption of tobacco. The micronucleus study and the comet assay can be used to investigate and screen the population at risk.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

The term HbA1c refers to glycated haemoglobin. It develops when haemoglobin, a protein within red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout your body, joins with glucose in the blood, becoming 'glycated'. By measuring glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), clinicians are able to get an overall picture of what our average blood sugar levels have been over a period of weeks/months. For people with diabetes this is important as the higher the HbA1c, the greater the risk of developing diabetes-related complications. When the body processes sugar, glucose in the bloodstream naturally attaches to haemoglobin. The amount of glucose that combines with this protein is directly proportional to the total amount of sugar that is in your system at that time.