The aetiological agents responsible for, and the outcome of, acute liver failure were investigated prospectively in 44 children (29 males, 15 females) attending a tertiary health care facility in India. The children were between the ages of 2 months and 13 years. Studies for viral infections and other etiologies could be carried out in 40 patients. Specific aetiological labels were possible in 35 (87.5%) patients. Thirty (75%) had evidence of acute viral hepatitis. Acute hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection was found in a total of 18 children, with hepatitis A (HAV) in 16, hepatitis B in 5, and C in 1. Seven had isolated infection with hepatitis E, five with A, and four with B. Nine had both E and A infection. Superinfection of HEV was observed in a child with Indian childhood cirrhosis (ICC). Acute HEV infection was confirmed by immunoblot assay in all the patients and in eight of these, HEV-RNA was also detected in the serum. HAV was involved in 37.5% of cases with isolated infection in 10% (4 of 40). The aetiological factors associated with acute liver failure, apart from HAV and HEV, were other hepatotropic viruses (22.5%), Wilson's disease (5%), ICC (5%), and hepatotoxic drugs (7.5%). In five patients, no serological evidence of acute viral hepatitis could be found, neither did the metabolic screen yield any result. It was observed that enterically transmitted hepatitis viruses (HAV and HEV) were associated with 60% of acute hepatic failure in children. Mixed infection of HAV and HEV formed the single largest aetiological subgroup. In developing countries, where hepatitis A and E infections are endemic, severe complications can arise in the case of mixed infection. This may contribute to most of the mortality from acute liver failure during childhood.

The aetiological agents responsible for, and the outcome of, acute liver failure were investigated prospectively in 44 children (29 males, 15 females) attending a tertiary health care facility in India. The children were between the ages of 2 months and 13 years. Studies for viral infections and other etiologies could be carried out in 40 patients. Specific aetiological labels were possible in 35 (87.5%) patients. Thirty (75%) had evidence of acute viral hepatitis. Acute hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection was found in a total of 18 children, with hepatitis A (HAV) in 16, hepatitis B in 5, and C in 1. Seven had isolated infection with hepatitis E, five with A, and four with B. Nine had both E and A infection. Superinfection of HEV was observed in a child with Indian childhood cirrhosis (ICC). Acute HEV infection was confirmed by immunoblot assay in all the patients and in eight of these, HEV-RNA was also detected in the serum. HAV was involved in 37.5% of cases with isolated infection in 10% (4 of 40). The aetiological factors associated with acute liver failure, apart from HAV and HEV, were other hepatotropic viruses (22.5%), Wilson's disease (5%), ICC (5%), and hepatotoxic drugs (7.5%). In five patients, no serological evidence of acute viral hepatitis could be found, neither did the metabolic screen yield any result. It was observed that enterically transmitted hepatitis viruses (HAV and HEV) were associated with 60% of acute hepatic failure in children. Mixed infection of HAV and HEV formed the single largest aetiological subgroup. In developing countries, where hepatitis A and E infections are endemic, severe complications can arise in the case of mixed infection. This may contribute to most of the mortality from acute liver failure during childhood.

MAC deposition can serve as a reliable marker to distinguish DM from other IIMs (i.e. PM and IBM) as well as from non-IIM diseases. It can also serve as a useful adjunct in diagnosis of IIMs when there is diagnostic dilemma with their morphologic similarities. These results provide further credence to the long-standing view that MAC-mediated capillary destruction is involved in the immunopathogenesis of DM.

Lymphoedema is a chronic debilitating condition characterised by diffuse swelling caused by lymphatic obstruction. The secondary form of lymphoedema is more common than the primary form. Untreated filariasis remains an important cause of lymphoedema in developing countries. The most common complication of chronic lymphoedema is cellulitis. It is also a risk factor for the development of neoplasms such as lymphangiosarcoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, lymphoma and malignant fibrous histiocytoma. We report a case of a woman in her 60s who developed squamous cell carcinoma in the background of chronic lymphoedema.

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Purpose This article aims to review the pertinent anatomy and the incidental abnormalities involving the female genital tract on multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) through a pictorial review. Methods The review is based on critical analysis of the existing literature as well as our experience in dealing with incidental lesions involving the female genital tract. Results The lack of awareness regarding the normal appearances of the female pelvis on MDCT can puzzle the inexperienced radiologist and create management dilemmas for the treating clinician. It is important for radiologists to recognize normal appearances of the female genital tract on MDCT to prevent misinterpretation as pathology. The identification of incidentalomas of the female genital tract on CT can further guide whether additional workup is required or not. This pictorial review familiarizes radiologists with the normal appearances of the female genital tract on MDCT and a few common incidentalomas. Conclusion It is imperative for a clinical radiologist to be familiar with the anatomy and common incidental lesions involving the female genital tract.