Label-free imaging approaches seek to simplify and augment histopathologic assessment by replacing the current practice of staining by dyes to visualize tissue morphology with quantitative optical measurements. Quantitative phase imaging (QPI) operates with visible/UV light and thus provides a resolution matched to current practice. Here we introduce and demonstrate confocal QPI for label-free imaging of tissue sections and assess its utility for manual histopathologic inspection. Imaging cancerous and normal adjacent human breast and prostate, we show that tissue structural organization can be resolved with high spatial detail comparable to conventional H&E stains. Our confocal QPI images are found to be free of halo, solving this common problem in QPI. We further describe and apply a virtual imaging system based on Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) calculations to quantitatively compare confocal with wide-field QPI methods and explore performance limits using numerical tissue phantoms.
Chronic axial low back pain (LBP) is one of the most common ailments in the United States, with a significant impact on quality of life and function. Multimodal therapy is often utilized for pain relief, including opioid pain medication. Current indications for spinal cord stimulation include chronic neuropathic conditions, such as failed back surgery syndrome, radiculopathies, complex regional pain syndrome types I and II, postherpetic neuralgia, and peripheral diabetic neuropathies. While current lead placements perform remarkably when used for their appropriate indications, there is no specific indication for spinal cord stimulation in the treatment of axial LBP. However, spinal cord stimulation lead placement at the T6 mid-vertebral body can be considered in patients with significant or predominant complaints of axial LBP. Achievement of pain relief via spinal cord stimulation can reduce the administration of both opioid and non-opioid pain medications.
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