Aims: An investigation was conducted to examine the distribution of available plant nutrients and the relationships between soil properties and available nutrient status in soil profiles in the Western Hilly Tracts of the Cuttack District, Odisha. Place and Duration of Study: The research area, i.e. the Narasinghpur block, is located in the western part of the Cuttack district in Odisha and is characterized by lateritic uplands and mountainous terrain. Three soil profiles were exposed i.e. upland, medium land and low land before the rainy season (February, 2020). Methodology: For experiments, five layers demarcated at 20cm intervals up to a depth of 100cm were sampled, processed, and stored. Several parameters, including particle size, pH, EC, OC, and available Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn were analysed and interpreted using standard protocols. Results: Sand content decreased with pedon depth, whereas clay content showed the opposite trend. With increasing soil depth in all pedons, soil pH increased while EC and soil organic carbon content declined. The available Ca, Mg, and S in surface soils varied from 4.11 to 6.56 [cmol (p+)/kg], 2.15 to 3.54 [cmol (p+)/kg] and 9.85 to 12.06 mg kg-1, respectively. The corresponding subsurface ranges for these nutrients were 4.31 to 8.52 [cmol (p+)/kg], 2.41 to 4.52 [cmol (p+)/kg], and 6.95 to 11.41 mg kg-1, respectively. The available Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, and B range in surface soils were 127.85-278.81, 68.48-144.98, 0.64-0.9, 0.54-0.63 and 0.37-0.47 mg kg-1, respectively. The subsurface ranges for these nutrients were 102.32–234.46, 53.21–118.28, 0.28–0.89, 0.17–0.50, and 0.29–0.91 mg kg-1. The status of micronutrients in the present study region was as follows: Fe > Mn > Cu > Zn > B. With increasing soil depth, available Ca and Mg increased, but available S, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn and B declined. Positive correlations between available Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn with the soil organic carbon content of the soil and negative correlations with the soil pH were observed. Conclusion: Plant nutrients in the research area varied with topography, although the differences between upland, medium land and lowland wasn't substantial. However, accelerated decomposition of soil organic matter and agricultural residues likely led to highermicronutrient concentrations at the soil's surface than subsurface.
Aims: Fluoride-rich groundwater is common in granite aquifers throughout India and the world. The fluoride concentration of tube well water was investigated in this study. Also discussion was made on fluorides and their correlation with other water-quality indicators. Place and Duration of Study: The research area i.e. Narasinghpur block fall in the western half of the Cuttack district of Odisha under lateritic uplands and hilly tract. Before the rainy season (January, 2020), fifty two groundwater samples from different places in Narasinghpur were collected. Methodology: Standard procedures were used for collecting, preserving, analysing, and interpreting several parameters viz., pH, EC, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, HCO3-, CO32-, F- etc. of water samples. Results: The content of fluoride ranged from 0.58 to 4.95 mg L-1. Fluoride containing minerals released into groundwater due to the alkaline pH and high bicarbonate levels. The arid environment of the region, the predominance of granitic, khondalitic, and charnockitic rocks, the longer contact time with fluoride-bearing minerals, and the minimal freshwater exchange are responsible for the high concentration of fluorides in the groundwater. Positive correlations were found between F- and pH (r= 0.681**), Na+ (r= 0.690**), and HCO3- (r= 0.719**), and negative correlations with Ca2+ (r= -0.565**) and Mg2+ (r= -0.597**). Conclusion: Majority of the groundwater samples collected from gram panchayats falling under the block contained fluoride level higher than that set by BIS/WHO standard, posing a hazard to various ecosystems. The people dependent on these groundwater resources are prone to several health hazards.
In Odisha, chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology (CKDu) has become a major health concern. The disease is particularly prevalent in farming communities and among individuals who rely on groundwater as their primary source of drinking water. Kidney damage is directly associated with excessive fluoride levels in drinking water. The fluoride concentration of 66 typical groundwater samples were analysed throughout 17 gram panchayats in the Narasinghpur block of Cuttack district, Odisha, India, which is considered a hotspot for CKDu. The research area's groundwater fluoride concentration ranged from 0.58 to 4.95 mg/L, with an average of 1.8 mg/L. The content of fluoride in more than 57% of drinking water samples exceeded the WHO recommendation of 1.5 mg/L. The study also assessed the residents' health risks based on exposure pathways through ingestion and dermal contact using the USEPA human health risk assessment model. The values of chronic daily intake (CDI) and Hazard Quotient (HQ) indicated that excessive drinking of fluoride-rich groundwater poses a higher risk of non-carcinogenic health problems to local residents. In the research location, infants and children are more susceptible to the non-carcinogenic health risks of fluoride than adults. This takes place mainly through direct ingestion route where the dominance order of the total hazard index (THI) of population was infants > children > men > women for all sampling locations, suggesting significantly higher risk than the permissible limits (> 1). Based on the results, the area can be classified as a high-risk zone for fluoride-related issues and requires immediate intervention to protect the health and safety of the local population. This study indicates that long-term exposure to fluoride in drinking water may pose harm to human health and disrupt kidney functions. Thus, continuous monitoring and improved management of water supplies in CKDu-affected regions are crucial for determining the contamination load and mitigating the adverse health effects caused by excessive and prolonged exposure to the fluoride found in ground water.
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