Noma is a gangrenous infection primarily affecting under developed countries. The aim of this paper was to review all recent articles on noma from January 2003 to August 2014 and briefly update the latest information related to the topic. A literature search was done on PUBMED using the keywords “noma / cancrum oris”. Noma is commonly seen in malnourished children. There has been an increased incidence of noma in HIV patients. Apart from these, noma has also been reported in association with cyclic neutropenia, herpetic stomatitis, leukemia, Down's syndrome and Burkett's disease. Treatment of acute noma includes transfusion of blood and intravenous fluids, administration of antibiotics, putting the patient on a high protein diet and debridement of necrotic areas. Surgical phase is usually initiated 6 to 18 months after a period of quiescence. Although, the mortality rate associated with noma has reduced significantly with the advent of modern generation antibiotics, the functional, cosmetic and psychological challenges associated with the destruction of soft or hard tissues still remains a huge challenge. Adequate steps must be implemented by the government or medical professionals to prevent the disease and provide an early intervention.

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Parry–Romberg syndrome (PRS) or progressive facial hemiatrophy is a developmental craniofacial disorder of unknown etiology characterized by a slowly progressive unilateral facial atrophy. It is associated with different systemic manifestations particularly, maxillofacial, neurologic and ophthalmologic abnormalities. Dentists must be aware of PRS to identify this invalidating disorder. In this article, we review the etiology, clinical features (especially craniofacial and dental manifestations) and treatment of PRS. We searched in PubMed line using specific words such as PRS from 2008 to 2014 (August). We identify 14 papers have described oral manifestations of this syndrome. We excluded all the article papers that did not indicate to oral manifestations of PRS.

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To evaluate the response rate of hyperthyroidism to radioactive iodine treatment (RAI) and the mortality rate post RAI treatment in a Qatari cohort the records were analyzed retrospectively of 113 hyperthyroid Qatari patients (23 male, 90 female) treated with RAI (1-131) in the Endocrine Clinic, Hamad Medical Corporation, between 1984 and2002. 90 (79.6 %) had diffuse goiter, 14 (12.4%) multinodular goiter, 6 (5.3%) single nodular goiter and 3 (2.7 %) unknown etiology. Follow up ranged from two to ten years with free thyroxin and thyroid stimulating hormone being recorded at diagnosis; six months and one year post RAI treatment and yearly thereafter. The incidence of hypothyroidism was 64.4% after six months post RAI treatment and 75.9% at one year. Euthyroid state was high in patients who did not receive antithyroid drugs, whereas the hypothyroid state was higher in a group with pre-treatment antithyroid medication (80% versus 62.8%). The euthyroid state was more in diffuse hyperthyroidism 22.4%, while 84.6% of multinodular goiter became hypothyroid after six months of RAI treatment. Mortality rate was not increased post RAI treatment as compared to general population. Conclusion: The incidence of hypothyroidism was 75.9% at one-year post RAI treatment and the rate of hypothyroidism increased with the length of follow up to 10 years (86.7%). There was no linear relation in response rate to increasing doses of RAI treatment groups.