ES cells produce VEGF, which may contribute to endometrial neovascularization and proliferation. IFN-gamma may play an important role in regulating VEGF production by ES cells.

Primary amenorrhea caused by the hyperprolactinemia is a rare condition characterized by the onset of thelarche and pubarche at appropriate ages but arrest of pubertal development before menarche. Hyperprolactinemia might be found in a few women with primary amenorrhea, yet relevant experience has apparently not been reported. We report a 16-year-old patient with hyperprolactinemia caused by a pituitary microadenoma. Her only symptom was delayed puberty without galactorrhea. Bromocriptine therapy was useful in order to induce the ovulation and cause the menarche.