We compared the insertion and extraction behaviors of lithium and sodium ions in non-graphitizable carbon with closed pore structures heat treated 2073 K and non-graphitizable carbon without heat treatment to investigate the elemental difference of the charge-transfer reactions of alkali metal ions from a kinetic viewpoint. The lithium system has smaller kinetic parameters for the insertion/extraction reactions such as charge transfer resistance and activation energy compared to those in the sodium system. On the other hand, the diffusion coefficients of the lithium and sodium ions in non-graphitizable carbon are almost the same. Based on these results, we discuss the rate-determining process of charge-transfer reactions and provide a rational design of nongraphitizable carbon as an anode material for use in lithium ion and sodium ion batteries.
The influence of five belt constructions on high speed endurance, ride comfort, and rolling resistance was investigated for a high performance 225/50R16 92V radial passenger car tire, using the finite element method. The belt constructions were combinations of belt edge shapes (cut, folded) and reinforcement materials (steel, aramid). The goal was to find optimized belt constructions for tire weight reduction, considering important tire properties like high speed endurance, ride comfort, and rolling resistance. A full aramid belt construction with a folded belt around a cut belt was chosen for design parameter variation calculations to reduce rolling resistance. This leads to a tire with smaller belt width, increased folding width, additional center cap ply, and reduced non-skid base and depth. The effect of inflation pressure and speed on rolling resistance was evaluated for this construction.
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