T here is growing interest in psychosocial trauma and chronic pain (CP). Numerous retrospective studies link trauma or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) to CP,

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Emotional awareness (EA) is a key emotional process that is related to the presence and severity of chronic pain (CP). In this report, we describe primary and secondary emotions, discuss the distinction between emotional states and emotional regulation/processing, and summarize theory and research highlighting the significance of EA for CP. We describe ways to assess EA and diagnose centrally-mediated CP, for which emotional processes appear most relevant. We review several psychological interventions designed to enhance EA as well as several broader emotional processing treatments developed to address trauma and psychosocial conflicts underlying many patients’ pain. We conclude by offering our perspective on how future integration of emotional processing into pain care could promote recovery from CP.

There is little research on risk and protective factors for Arab American women's mental health, particularly the role played by religiosity and religious affiliation. This study examined two stress-related risk factorschildhood adversity and racism-and three religious protective factors-religious support, positive religious coping, and organized religious participation-and their relationships with psychological symptoms (Brief Symptom Inventory-18) among 123 Arab American women (aged 18-34) who were either Muslim (n = 68; 55%) or Christian (n = 55; 45%). Main analyses examined the associations of risk and protective factors to symptoms and whether each religious protective factors moderated the association of risk factors with psychological symptoms. Exploratory analyses compared Muslim and Christian women and tested religious affiliation as a moderator of the association of risk and protective factors to symptoms. In the whole sample, childhood adversity (r = .37) and racism (r = .34) were associated with greater symptoms, whereas religious support (r = −.20) and positive religious coping (r = −.18) were associated with lower symptoms. Organized religious participation and positive religious coping buffered the relationship of racism with symptoms. Although Muslim and Christian women did not differ on most variables, racism was a stronger risk factor for symptoms among Muslims (r = .47) than Christians (r = .12). In conclusion, stressful life experiences and religiosity relate to psychological health in Arab American women. Racism is a particularly strong risk factor, although buffered by religious participation and coping. Efforts to combat racism and support religious practice are encouraged.