While consolidating democracy in Muslim-majority countries like many Arab countries today, the problem of opposition between the people and the rulers still leaves a latent conflict. The opposition is not new in the Islamic world. In this context, the Ḥanābilah oppositional movement against the al-Ma'mūn's miḥna policy finds its significance here. The article aimed to determine the genealogy of the Ḥanābilah opposition to the al-Ma'mūn's miḥna policy and to correct the Weberian perspective in reading socio-religious movements, mainly the movement carried out by the Ḥanābilah ulema community by offering a socio-convergent perspective. This article is more a religious research than research on religion. The data in this study were sourced from books written by Ibn Ḥanbal and other relevant books. Data were analyzed using data display, data verification, and conclusions techniques. The results show that Ibn Ḥanbal's opposition to the miḥna is motivated by maintaining theological orthodoxy and protecting the authority of the Sunni ulema. Ḥanābilah's oppositional actions are more related to the conflict of authority. This convergence thesis is in line with the blurred approach of Edmund Burke and Adonis or the double-edged sword theory of Alberto Melluci. Opposition as part of efforts to construct a civilized political system which is not only seen from an opposing side but also as a sparring partner in carrying out the function of amr ma'rūf nahy munkar 'commanding right and forbidding wrong' to the government to realize good governance.
The process of learning Arabic in MTS Negeri 1 Surabaya is still traditional. Especially in reading and writing skills. This causes students difficulty understanding the subject matter. The objectives of this study are: (1) To find out the reading and writing skills of Grade VIII students at MTs Negeri 1 Surabaya. (2) To find out the application of the Cooperative Integrated Reading and Composition "model using simple comic methods to improve their reading and writing skills. (3) To find out the effectiveness of the" Cooperative Integrated Reading And Composition "model with simple comic methods in improving their reading and writing skills The results of this study are: that the "Cooperative Integrated Reading and Composition" model with a simple comic method is effective in improving reading skills with a t-count = 13.9 and writing skills with a t-count = 14.7. Hypothesis results using the T-test symbol indicate that t count > ttable means that the null hypothesis (Ho) is returned and the hypothesis (Ha) can be accepted.
Learning strategies are one effective way to achieve learning goals. Writing skills are skills that are quite difficult to learn by students, especially in expressing thoughts in written form due to less mastery of Arabic vocabulary and difficulties in composing sentences using the correct Arabic rules. Therefore, the strategy of active knowledge sharing is used as a strategy that can improve students Arabic writing skills. This research was cinducted at the Madrasah Tsanawiyah Assalam Bangilan Tuban by using class VII-B as the sample. This research method used in this study is a quantitative method using observation, documentation interviews, tests and questionnaires as data collection techniques. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the use of active khowledge sharing strategies in improving Arabic writing skills of Assalam Bangilan Tuban Madrasah Tsanawiyah students.
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