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A sequential injection-capillary electrophoresis (SI-CE) system for the fast and automated quantitative analysis of anions and cations is described. Because of the low sample load in capillary electrophoresis a split injection approach had to be used to achieve reliable hydrodynamic injection. The use of a capillary of 8 cm effective length allowed for the separation of five inorganic cations within 11 s. One common electrolyte solution containing 12 mM l-histidine and 2 mM 18-crown-6 whose pH value was adjusted to 4.0 with 10% v/v acetic acid was used for anions and cations, thus the analysis of both groups of analytes could be carried out in rapid sequence simply by switching the polarity of the high voltage supply. The system also allows automated flushing of the capillary. Detection limits between about 2 and 5 micromol l(-1) could be achieved with the contactless conductivity detector employed.

A new design of a contactless conductivity detector for capillary electrophoresis is demonstrated for the detection of compounds of relevance in metal plating baths. Galvanic baths for the deposition of Zn, Cu, Ni and Ag were analysed. The compounds related to the zinc plating system contained Zn2+, Na+, Mg2+ and NH4+, the copper plating system CuEDTA2−, SO42−, oxalate−, EDTA2− and glyoxylate, the nickel plating system Ni2+, Co2+ and NH4+ and the silver plating system included AgCN−, NO3− and CN−. Concurrent determinations of the compounds could be carried out in less than 10 min.

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A chemically modified electrode was constructed by incorporating manganese (III) tetraphenyl porphyrine into a carbon paste matrix. The modified electrode was used as a sensitive electrochemical sensor for measuring of riboflavin. The constructed electrode exhibited catalytic properties for the electro-oxidation of riboflavin and lowered the over potential for the oxidation of this compound; consequently, the corresponding peak currents of riboflavin increased significantly. The modified electrode showed a near-Nernstian behavior for electro-oxidation of riboflavin hence, it could be a suitable voltammetric sensor for the fast and easy determination of riboflavin. A linear response in concentration range 1.0 × 10 −8 -1.0 × 10 −5 M was obtained with a detection limit of 8.0 × 10 −9 M (S /n = 3) for the determination of riboflavin. The electrode showed long-term stability and the standard deviation of the slope obtained after repeated calibration during a period of 3 months was 3.5% (n = 10). The modified electrode was used for differential pulse voltammetric determination of riboflavin in pharmaceutical and food samples.

National and sub-national mortality, years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs) and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for household air pollution from solid cookfuel use (HAP) in Iran, 1990-2013 were estimated based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013). The burden of disease attributable to HAP was quantified by the comparative risk assessment method using four inputs: (1) exposure to HAP, (2) the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), (3) exposure-response relationships of related causes (4) disease burden of related causes. All across the country, solid fuel use decreased from 5.26% in 1990 to 0.15% in 2013. The drastic reduction of solid fuel use leaded to DALYs attributable to HAP fell by 97.8% (95% uncertainty interval 97.7-98.0%) from 87,433 (51072-144303) in 1990 to 1889 (1016-3247) in 2013. Proportion of YLLs in DALYs from HAP decreased from 95.7% in 1990 to 86.6% in 2013. Contribution of causes in the attributable DALYs was variable during the study period and in 2013 was in the following order: ischemic heart disease for 43.4%, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for 24.7%, hemorrhagic stroke for 9.7%, lower respiratory infections for 9.3%, ischemic stroke for 7.8%, lung cancer for 3.4% and cataract for 1.8%. Based on the Gini coefficient, the spatial inequality of the disease burden from HAP increased during the study period. The remained burden of disease was relatively scarce and it mainly occurred in seven southern provinces. Further reduction of the disease burden from HAP as well as compensation of the increasing spatial inequality in Iran could be attained through an especial plan for providing cleaner fuels in the southern provinces.

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