Comparable improvements of retinal thickness were observed in the STTA and eye drop groups. Instillation of difluprednate ophthalmic emulsion 0.05% is a safe and effective treatment that does not require surgical intervention and does not produce severe side-effects.

A helical surface relief can be created in an azo-polymer film simply by illuminating circularly polarized light with spin angular momentum and without any orbital angular momentum. The helicity of the surface relief is determined by the sign of the spin angular momentum. The illumination of circularly polarized light induces orbital motion of the azo-polymer to shape the helical surface relief as an intermediate form; a subsequent transformation to a non-helical bump-shaped relief with a central peak creates a final form with additional exposure time. The mechanism for the formation of such a helical surface relief was also theoretically analyzed using the formula for the optical radiation force in a homogeneous and isotropic material.

Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) is an acquired pigmentary disorder that results from a preceding inflammatory skin disorder, injury, or similar cause (Callender, St Surin-Lord, Davis, & Maclin, 2011). PIH is more common in darker-skinned individuals of Fitzpatrick skin phototypes III-VI than in individuals with lighter skin (Davis & Callender, 2010) and frequently occurs in east Asians. The causes of PIH are various, including inflammatory conditions, such as atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, and psoriasis, infections, treatments such as laser irradiation and chemical peeling, sunburn, injury, and other forms of skin damage (Silpa-Archa, Kohli, Chaowattanapanit, Lim, & Hamzavi, 2017). Among those causes, PIH after atopic dermatitis often covers wide areas of skin and can be a significant concern for many patients. PIH also causes cosmetic issues that markedly diminish the quality of life (QOL) and restrict social activities (Seghers et al., 2014). However, the pathophysiology of PIH remains poorly understood, one reason being that an appropriate animal model for research has not been established.

ΔE*ab has been frequently used in aesthetic dentistry; however, current study is the first to use it in the measurement of skin color. ΔE*ab seems to be a useful parameter to evaluate the color contrast between vitiligo/leukoderma and surrounding normally pigmented skin and can be used to evaluate disease severity and patient's quality of life.

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