The plant hormone jasmonic acid (JA) has a crucial role in both host immunity and development in plants. Here, we report the importance of JA signaling in the defense system of rice. Exogenous application of JA conferred resistance to bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) in rice. Expression of OsJAZ8, a rice jasmonate ZIM-domain protein, was highly up-regulated by JA. OsJAZ8 interacted with a putative OsCOI1, which is a component of the SCF(COI1) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, in a coronatine-dependent manner. OsJAZ8 also formed heterodimers with other OsJAZ proteins but did not form homodimer. JA treatment caused OsJAZ8 degradation and this degradation was dependent on the 26S proteasome pathway. Furthermore, the JA-dependent OsJAZ8 degradation was mediated by the Jas domain. Transgenic rice plants overexpressing OsJAZ8ΔC, which lacks the Jas domain, exhibited a JA-insensitive phenotype. A large-scale analysis using a rice DNA microarray revealed that overexpression of OsJAZ8ΔC altered the expression of JA-responsive genes, including defense-related genes, in rice. Furthermore, OsJAZ8ΔC negatively regulated the JA-induced resistance to Xoo in rice. On the basis of these data, we conclude that JA plays an important role in resistance to Xoo, and OsJAZ8 acts as a repressor of JA signaling in rice.
Article abstractObjective: To investigate the relationship between leukoaraiosis (LA), which has been considered as an intermediate substitute of ischemic brain damages, and metabolic syndrome (MetS) that attracts attention as a risk factor for cerebrovascular diseases, in healthy subjects derived from various age groups.
Methods:We studied 1,030 healthy persons at ages between 28 and 78 years (mean, 52.7 years) with no past history of stroke who visited a health care facility for routine health checkups. MetS was defined using the criteria of the National Cholesterol
Jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) play important roles in plant defense systems. JA and SA signaling pathways interact antagonistically in dicotyledonous plants, but, the status of crosstalk between JA and SA signaling is unknown in monocots. Our rice microarray analysis showed that more than half of the genes upregulated by the SA analog BTH are also upregulated by JA, suggesting that a major portion of the SA-upregulated genes are regulated by JA-dependent signaling in rice. A common defense system that is activated by both JA and SA is thus proposed which plays an important role in pathogen defense responses in rice.
✓Tethered cord syndrome (TCS) is a stretch-induced functional disorder of the spinal cord due to the fact that its caudal portion is anchored by an inelastic structure. The functional lesion of TCS is generally situated in the lumbosacral cord, and many authors have shown that the syndrome is reversible via surgery to untether the cord. To clarify the expressions relevant to TCS, such as “cord tethering” and “tethered cord,” the authors have formulated three categories. These categories include cases that show the anatomical appearance of spinal cord stretching. Among them, Category 1 is isolated to represent the “true TCS.”The authors focus their discussion of the pathophysiology of TCS on Category 1 to explain the impaired oxidative metabolism and electrophysiological derangements within the tethered spinal cord, which is the primary intrinsic cause of the dysfunction. Furthermore, they extend the discussion to the extrinsic (outside the spinal cord) factors and other complex conditions that mimic TCS.
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