Salivary glands act as virus reservoirs in various infectious diseases and have been reported to be targeted by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, the mechanisms underlying infection and replication in salivary glands are still enigmatic due to the lack of proper in vitro models. Here, we show that human induced salivary glands (hiSGs) generated from human induced pluripotent stem cells can be infected with SARS-CoV-2. The hiSGs exhibit properties similar to those of embryonic salivary glands and are a valuable tool for the functional analysis of genes during development. Orthotopically transplanted hiSGs can be engrafted at a recipient site in mice and show a mature phenotype. In addition, we confirm SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication in hiSGs. SARS-CoV-2 derived from saliva in asymptomatic individuals may participate in the spread of the virus. hiSGs may be a promising model for investigating the role of salivary glands as a virus reservoir.Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and spreads quickly worldwide. The main target organs of SARS-CoV-2 are considered to belong to the respiratory system, including the lungs and upper respiratory tract, but accumulating evidence has shown that multiple organs, such as the heart, kidneys, liver, spleen and gastrointestinal tract, can be affected 1 . SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals are a potential source of virus transmission, which occurs through aerosol droplets, close contact and facial-oral transmission 2 . The majority of infected individuals (approximately 80%) are asymptomatic and have the ability to spread the virus 3 . It was recently reported that saliva from asymptomatic individuals with COVID-19 can be a potential source of viral transmission 4 . SARS-CoV-2 has been identified in the oral mucosa and salivary glands of patients with COVID-19. The viral entry factors
Alpha‐L‐fucose is a component of glycans on the cell surface. Alpha‐L‐fucose is correlated with tumorigenesis and malignancy, and alpha‐L‐fucosidase‐1 (FUCA1), the enzyme that removes terminal α‐L‐fucose residues from glycoproteins, is downregulated in some high malignancy cancers. The expression profile of FUCA1 in head and neck tumors remains unknown, and we analyzed the expression profiles of FUCA1 and an upstream molecule p53 in mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). FUCA1 was expressed in most MECs irrespective of histopathological grading, whereas expression in OSCCs was low. High immunohistochemical intensity of p53 was detected in OSCCs at high frequency, but rarely detected in MECs. Genetic mutation analysis using next‐generation sequencing revealed no significant mutation of TP53 in MECs. We further analyzed the expression profiles of FUCA1 in normal major and minor salivary glands and found strong expression in the intercalated duct, moderate expression in mucous acinar cells and no expression in serous acinar cells. These contrasting immunohistochemical profiles and anatomical distribution in normal salivary glands suggest that FUCA1 is a useful marker to distinguish MEC from OSCC, and many MECs have similar immunohistochemical phenotypes to intercalated duct and mucous acinar cells.
Background
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 31 (SCA31) is not usually associated with dementia, and autopsy in a patient with both conditions is very rare.
Case presentation
An 87-year-old male patient presented with ataxia and progressive dementia. Genetic testing led to a diagnosis of SCA31. Fifteen years after his initial symptoms of hearing loss and difficulty walking, he died of aspiration pneumonia. A pathological analysis showed cerebellar degeneration consistent with SCA31 and abundant argyrophilic grains in the hippocampal formation and amygdala that could explain his dementia.
Conclusions
This is the first autopsy report on comorbid argyrophilic grain disease with SCA31.
We encountered a case of sclerosing odontogenic carcinoma that was difficult to diagnose. The patient was a 57-year-old man who presented with paralysis of the mental region. At his first visit, he was found to have a swelling in the right alveolar part of the mandible, oppressive pain, and dysesthesia of the mental region and tongue. Panoramic radiography revealed a diffuse and poorly marginated radiolucency extending from the right lower canine to the right mandibular ramus. After preoperative chemotherapy, we performed right hemimandibulectomy, selective neck dissection with removal of level Ⅰ lymph nodes, and reconstruction with a fibular osteoseptocutaneous flap with the patient under general anesthesia. Histopathologic examination of the resected specimens led to the diagnosis of sclerosing odontogenic carcinoma. The patient had an uneventful course without any evidence of recurrence 38 months after surgery. : sclerosing odontogenic carcinoma (硬化性歯原性癌) ,WHO classification (WHO 分類) , immunohistochemical staining (免疫組織化学染色) 1) 東京医科歯科大学大学院医歯学総合研究科顔面頸部機能 再建学講座顎顔面外科学分野 (主任:依田哲也教授) 2) 東京医科歯科大学大学院医歯学総合研究科口腔機能再構 築学講座口腔病理学分野 (主任:池田 通教授) 1)
Selective metal-vapor deposition using photochromic diarylethene (DAE) enables the formation of fine metal patterns for various organic devices by maskless vacuum deposition. We investigated the resolution of fine metal patterns generated by selective Mg-vapor deposition. A DAE layer on a photomask substrate generated a corresponding fine isomerization pattern by UV-irradiation through the substrate. A clear Mg pattern was formed for the isomerization width with a resolution of a 10 μm level by maskless Mg deposition but a blurred Mg pattern was obtained on the line and space isomerization patterns with a several-μm level; no-Mg deposition was observed at the edge of the colored area. This is because Mg atoms diffuse a distance of several microns on the colored surface. The diffusion distance depended on a glass transition temperature (Tg) of the colored surface and a DAE film with a higher Tg in the colored state would enable higher metal-pattern resolution.
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