Introduction:The liver is the cornerstone of the coagulation system. The physiology of blood coagulation is closely linked to liver function as it synthesizes most of the factors of coagulation cascade and fibrinolytic proteins. So it is responsible for regulation of haemostasis. Hepatic disorders are widely present in tropical countries and are responsible for morbidity and mortality. Aims and Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate coagulation abnormalities associated with chronic liver diseases using tests like prothrombin time (PT), and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT). Materials and Methods:The study was conducted in the laboratory of Pathology department, during the period from October 2019 to June 2020. This study included 225 patients clinically diagnosed with liver disease who were divided into three categories: 1-cirrhosis, 2-other liver disease and 3-Hepatitis.The coagulation tests PT and APTT were performed and the results were evaluated in groups. 25 normal patients were taken as controls. Result: Out of 250 patients, 190(85%) were males and 60(24%) were females. A total of 13(6%) patients were of cirrhosis, 100 (44%) were of viral hepatitis and jaundice, and 112 (50%) were of other liver diseases and 25 normal patients (10%). Prothrombin time showed marked significant prolongation in all liver diseases. In cirrhosis: 90-100% bleeders showed elevation of Prothrombin time and non bleeders showed elevation in 50-55% cases. In viral hepatitis: 45% cases showed rise in PT. In Alcoholic liver diseases; 38.5% cases showed rise in PT. APTT is quite Significant in cirrhosis. In cirrhosis, Bleeders showed elevation of APTT in100% cases and non bleeders show 50% cases. In viral hepatitis, 25.3% rise in APTT in Alcoholic liver diseases, 25.9%cases showed rise in APTT. Conclusion:In advancing liver diseases, damage to liver parenchyma resulting in reduced production of coagulation proteins so there is increase in PT and APTT which increase the risk of bleeding tendencies. Prolongation of PT and APTT in advancing liver cirrhosis indicates damage to the liver parenchyma resulting in decreased production of coagulation proteins with increased risk of bleeding tendencies, which can be detected before these ensue.
Introduction: Malaria is an endemic disease with high degree of severity in certain geographic areas of India. Gujarat is amongst one of them. The symptoms of Malaria ranges from mild to severe depending on the type of the plasmodium species, age of the patient, parasite load in the body of the host, season in which the infection occurs as well as endemicity of that region. These symptoms include fever, headache, nausea, vomiting. In case of P. Falciparum malaria, patient may develop convulsions, coma and death if cerebral malaria develops. In P.Vivax, there are high chances of relapse. So in such cases patient requires treatment after completion of routine treatment. That is why it is important to know the type of malaria and treat them accordingly. Aims and Objectives: To evaluate prevalence of various plasmodium species in clinically suspected cases of malaria and their demographic study. Material and Methods: Total 113 positive malaria cases were included in this study between June 2019 to May 2020 at the Central Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Medical College, Baroda. The samples included all age groups and both the gender of the patients. Routine hematological investigations including peripheral smear examination, thick and thin smear, rapid test whenever needed and complete hemogram were performed. Results: Two types of malarial parasites were found, Plasmodium vivax (68.1%) and Plasmodium falciparum (31.9%). The prevalence of malarial infection exhibited seasonal pattern with most of the cases in the month of September, October and November with peak in October. Infection prevalence in male patients was higher (71.68%) than in female (28.32%) patients. Age group ranged from 7 years to 75 years with 21-30 years had greatest risk. These findings compared with other findings of malaria endemic populations in India that a hospital-based diagnosis and surveillance for malaria reflects seasonal malaria transmission underlying demographic and geographic distribution. Conclusion:This study gives useful information regarding prevalence of malaria in Gujarat which can be useful at national level for National Malaria Prevention and Control Program, to minimize the cases, complications and fatality related to malaria.
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