It is interesting to develop effective fish sampling techniques using underwater videos and image processing to automatically estimate and consequently monitor the fish biomass and assemblage in water bodies. Such approaches should be robust against substantial variations in scenes due to poor luminosity, orientation of fish, seabed structures, movement of aquatic plants in the background and image diversity in the shape and texture among fish of different species. Keeping this challenge in mind, we propose a unified approach to detect freely moving fish in unconstrained underwater environments using a Region-Based Convolutional Neural Network, a state-of-the-art machine learning technique used to solve generic object detection and localization problems. To train the neural network, we employ a novel approach to utilize motion information of fish in videos via background subtraction and optical flow, and subsequently combine the outcomes with the raw image to generate fish-dependent candidate regions. We use two benchmark datasets extracted from a large Fish4Knowledge underwater video repository, Complex Scenes dataset and the LifeCLEF 2015 fish dataset to validate the effectiveness of our hybrid approach. We achieve a detection accuracy (F-Score) of 87.44% and 80.02% respectively on these datasets, which advocate the utilization of our approach for fish detection task.

In this study a sample of 1,000 household women from 10 towns of Lahore was collected. Significant difference was observed between education with knowledge, attitude, and practice scores. Data obtained served as baseline knowledge and information for emphasis on continuous improvement on the knowledge of household women. Baseline knowledge and perceptions of household women is crucial to understanding the status of food safety among them, so educational programming, awareness campaigns, trainings, workshops are recommended to be implemented. Data obtained served as baseline knowledge and information for emphasis on continuous improvement on the knowledge of household women. Practical applications The present study inferred that there is a need for additional research for the possible risks household women at home could pose to human health in regards to food safety, since it is widely acceptable that the primary food preparers at home are the ultimate route of protection against food borne illness. It is thus concluded that there is a need for surveillance and interventions at domestic level with professional assistance for household women regarding food safety issues and its awareness in the state.

No abstract