A metal-insulator-semiconductor ͑MIS͒ structure containing a HfO 2 control gate, a Ge nanocrystal-embedded HfO 2 dielectric and a HfO 2 / SiO 2 stack layer as tunnel oxide, was fabricated by an electron-beam evaporation method. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy study revealed that the HfO 2 / SiO 2 stack layer minimized Ge penetration, leading to the formation of Ge nanocrystals that are self-aligned between the tunnel oxide and the capping HfO 2 layer. Influence of different annealing conditions on the formation and distribution of Ge nanocrystals was studied. Current-voltage ͑I -V͒ and capacitance-voltage ͑C -V͒ measurements revealed promising electrical characteristics of the MIS structure, and relatively high stored charge density of 10 12 cm −2 was achieved.
Glypican-3 (GPC-3), a membrane-associated heparan sulfate proteoglycan, plays a crucial role in cell proliferation and metastasis, particularly in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression, and perhaps is a valuable target for its gene therapy. However, its mechanism remains to be explored. In the present study, the biological behaviors of HCC cells were investigated by interfering GPC-3 gene transcription. After the cells were transfected with specific GPC-3 short hairpin RNA (shRNA), the inhibition of GPC-3 expression was 75.6 % in MHCC-97H or 73.8 % in Huh7 cells at mRNA level; the rates of proliferation and apoptosis were 53.6 and 60.5 % in MHCC-97H or 54.9 and 54.4 % in Huh7 cells, with the cell cycles arrested in the G1 phase; the incidences of cell migration, metastasis, and invasion inhibition were 80.1, 56.4, and 69.1 % in MHCC-97H or 80.9, 59.6, and 58.3 % in Huh7 cells, respectively. The cell biological behaviors were altered by silencing GPC-3 with down-regulation of β-catenin, insulin-like growth factor-II and vascular endothelial growth factor, and Gli1 up-regulation. The cell proliferation was significantly inhibited (up to 95.11 %) by shRNA plus anti-cancer drugs, suggesting that GPC-3 gene should be a potential target for promoting hepatoma cell apoptosis and inhibiting metastasis through the Wnt/β-catenin and Hh singling pathways.
The combustion and emission characteristics of homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) fuelled by methyl decanoate (MD) with different engine speeds and dimethyl ether (DME) mixing ratios are investigated in this work. Engine data of a MAN B&W 6S70MC low-speed two-stroke marine diesel engine were used for the reactor. The results show that a decrease of engine speed has little effect on the in-cylinder temperature and pressure of the engine at constant excess air coefficient of 1.5. Meanwhile, NOx emissions decrease with a decrease of engine speed in pure MD HCCI combustion. The results also indicate that NOx and CO2 emissions decrease significantly with an increase in the percentage of DME in MD and DME mixing combustion at a constant total mole fraction and engine speed of 85 revolutions per minute (r/min).
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