The simulations of a heat wave occurring in southern Yangtze-Huaihe valley and southern China during late July, 2003 were conducted to examine the sensitivity of simulated surface air temperature (SAT) to different land surface schemes (LSSs) using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) Version 2.2 in the short-range mode for 24-h integrations. Initial and boundary conditions employed a National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) analysis. The results showed that, overall, simulated high-temperature weather is sensitive to different LSSs. Large differences in simulated SAT intensity, threat score, and simulated error under different schemes are identified clearly. In addition, some systematic differences are also induced by the LSSs. In terms of threat score from the three LSSs, SLAB is the best, and RUC is better than NOAH. SLAB gives the lowest absolute error for area-averaged SAT, and tends to depict the western Pacific subtropical high with the easternmost position at low levels. The LSSs modify the simulated SAT, primarily via the transfer of sensible heat from the land surface to the atmosphere. The physical mechanism of the positive feedback between atmospheric circulation and the SAT is unimportant, with "negative" feedback over most of the simulated areas. This study emphasizes the importance of improving LSSs in SAT forecasting by numerical models.WRF, land surface scheme, high-temperature weather, sensitivity experiment. Citation:Zeng X M, Wu Z H, Xiong S Y, et al. Sensitivity of simulated short-range high-temperature weather to land surface schemes by WRF.
A heavy rainfall event occurring in the Yangtze‐Huaihe valley and south China during late June, 2003 was simulated to examine the effects of different land‐surface schemes on simulated precipitations using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) Version 3.1 and National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) analysis data. The simulation was performed in the short‐range mode for 24‐h integrations. The results show that generally the simulated heavy rainfall event is sensitive to different land‐surface schemes, the scheme‐induced difference of threat score becomes larger as the forecast categories of rainfall gets higher within the relatively large study subarea, where the scheme‐induced relative differences of precipitation can amount up to 30% with an average of 7%, while the maximum values of daily precipitation differences can be as large as 100%~150%, and different schemes lead to simulated systematic differences in averaged sensible and latent heat fluxes that are characterized by regional distributions. Finally, the land‐surface schemes can substantially affect the simulated precipitations via two mechanisms, i.e., by affecting land surface evaporation, and by affecting low‐level atmospheric circulation and water vapor convergence, the schemes exert great influences, respectively, on the simulated rainfall over a relatively large area of the model domain (e.g., with an average difference of 7% and a maximum difference of ~30%), and on simulated heavy rainfalls within small areas including rainfall centers (e.g., up to differences within 100%~150%). All these suggest that different land surfaces affect heavy rainfall weather at different spatial scales and to different extents, and that improving the land‐surface schemes can lead to better simulation of the heavy‐rainfall weather with the WRF model.
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