Chemiresistors have been widely employed in monitoring toxic fumes, gases, and environmental pollutants. Among a plethora of metal oxide semiconductors (MOX) used for preparing chemiresistors, zinc oxide is the topmost candidate. ZnO-based gas sensors are cost-effective, nontoxic, stable, and easily prepared by wet chemical facile approaches. ZnO nanostructures are the most promising candidates for leakage detection of toxic gases with reliable performance. In this regard, several investigations have been carried out to increase sensor response at room temperature (RT). Current advances in ZnO nanostructures-based thin films are the subject of this review paper. The review begins with a basic survey of ZnO thin films for gas sensors focusing on how the structure and properties of ZnO affect the gas response mechanisms, various factors and processing methods of ZnO nanostructures, and possible ways to enhance the gas response characteristics of ZnO-based sensors.
Ganga is a divine water body which has acquired a status of mother goddess in Indian culture civilization. Ganga water is considered as sacred water and Hindu rituals from birth to death cannot be consecrated without Ganga water. The microbiological quality of holy river Ganga, life sustaining surface water resource for large population of northern India is adversely affected due to rapid industrialization and population growth. The current investigation surveyed on total number of 10 water samples collected from river Ganga flowing in different cities of India. The samples were analyzed for Most Probable Number (MPN) of coliforms and found to be in the range of 940 organisms to 33000 organisms per 100ml. Similarly, MPN Fecal coliform was done at an incubation of higher temperature, and resulted from lower of 109 organisms to a higher at 2800 organisms per 100ml of samples analyzed. The Ganga water samples also showed the presence of Escherichia coli and further its antibiotic susceptibility pattern was performed by Kirby Bauer Agar well diffusion method. Various clinical significant antibiotics were used namely Streptomycin, Kanamycin, Meropenem, Norfloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Ampicillin, Sulbactum and Tazobactum. All isolated Escherichia coli strains were found resistant to Tazobactum. The isolated E.coli from upstream water of Varanasi has shown resistance towards four out of eight antibiotics used. Escherichia coli present in all the samples have shown susceptibility towards Meropenem and Ciprofloxacin. Keywords: Ganga water, microbiological quality, Most Probable Number (MPN) of Coliform, MPN Faecal coliform, Escherichia coli, Antibiotic susceptibility and resistance
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