Dental infections can be caused by dental caries, pulpal necrosis, trauma, and periodontal disorders, and they can have serious effects that impact both the soft and hard tissues of the oral cavity. Pain, fever, and edema are frequent signs of dental infections. Early treatment of infected teeth includes surgical and endodontic procedures, followed by antibiotic medication. Antibiotics are used to treat odontogenic infections, oral non-odontogenic infections, as well as to prevent local infection and spread to nearby tissues and organs. Furthermore, overprescribing antibiotics can have major consequences, including bacterial resistance, gastrointestinal and hematological disorders, and bacterial microbiota diversion. The purpose of this study is to outline the reasons for antibiotic therapy in dentistry and to highlight the most often used antibiotics in dental practice.
The objective of this systematic review was to investigate the expression of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE 2) in the head and neck region. We examined the evidence of the association of ACE 2 expression in oral tissues, salivary glands, and head and neck carcinoma. We searched Pub Med/Medline, Biorxiv, and Google Scholar to identify relevant literature. Studies reporting ACE 2 expression in human oral tissues and with a focus on head and neck carcinoma samples were included. From 110 studies, we extracted 15 studies analyzing the distribution and expression of ACE 2 in different head and neck tissues -olfactory mucosa and nasopharynx n=5, oral mucosa n=5, salivary gland n=5, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients n=3.ACE 2 was found to be expressed at a 4.43-fold increase in the head and neck region (OR, 4.43; 95% CI,; I 2 = 97%, P h =<0.00001) when compared with controls (other tissues except for head and neck region).RNA expression of ACE 2 was 60% higher in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients than that in the normal tissues (OR=0.60, 95% CI, 0.04-9.26, P h =0.00001). In conclusion, the meta-analysis of the studies indicated that ACE 2 is highly expressed in olfactory mucosa, nasopharynx, oral mucosa, and salivary glands. Furthermore, the results indicate that ACE 2 expression is increased in patients with head and neck cancer.
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