Although relationships among plant, biological N 2 fixation, and response to soil and environmental conditions have received considerable coverage in the scientific literature, a comprehensive summary and interpretation of these interactions with specific emphasis are lacking. Fluctuations in pH, nutrient availability, temperature, and water status, among other factors, greatly influence the growth, survival, and metabolic activity of nitrogen fixation bacteria. The subsequent inhibition of nitrogenase would result in O 2 accumulation in the infected zones, inducing the decrease in nodule permeability. Poor nodulation of legumes in arid soils is likely due to decreases in population levels of rhizobia during the dry season. Fixation, therefore, also tends to decrease with legume age, mainly because of the concomitant increase in soil N. Calcium deficiency, with or without the confounding influence of low pH also affects attachment of rhizobia to root hairs. Rhizobia may have different tolerances to soil acidity factors than the host plant. Relatively, high-root temperature has also been shown to influence infection, N 2-fixation ability, and legume growth. Also, root nodulation by the bacteria can be dependent on the formation of mycorrhiza.
Background and Aim: Nanotechnology is the precise and controlled manipulation of the atomic or molecular structure of nanoscale materials for the preparation of particulate matter with new properties and specific applications. Many in vivo and in vitro studies have shown the negative and destructive effects of nanoparticles on male germ cells.Nanoparticles include primary particles with at least one of their dimensions less than 100 nm. Material and Method: This study included 20 male and female adult mice (NMRI), between 6 and 8 weeks of age and weight of 25-30 g. We placed every two adult female mice with a male adult mouse in a cage for mating. Pregnant mice were randomly divided into 4 groups.)control,titanium, nigella sativa,titanium +nigella sativa). Animals were sacrificed by cervical spine dislocation under anesthesia. Then, using a neobar lamel and under the optical microscope, number of sperms and their morphology were assessed. Result : In this study, semen parameters including sperm morphology and number and also weights of organs were assessed. We found decreased number of sperms, increased number of abnormal sperms and decreased weight in the titanium group. But protective effect of Nigella sativa in the treatment group led to a significant difference in the sperm parameters compared to that in the titanium group (p>0.05). Conclusion: TNP reduced sperm count and increased the number of abnormal sperms, Previous studies by Hajshafiha showed the ability of nanoparticles to cross the bloodtesticular barrier. Protective and antioxidant effects of Nigella sativa can greatly reduce the toxicity of TNP. NS had a potent protective effect against the toxic effect of TNP on testese.
Background and Aim: Dexamethasone affects testis hemostasis through reduction of testosterone level. In one study dexamethasone induced spermatogenesis defects through epithelial vacuolizations and sloughing of germ cell layer. Materials and Methods: Forty NMRI mice were randomly divided into four groups. Control and dexamethasone groups received normal saline and dexamethasone (5 mg/kg) respectively for 7 days. Dexamethasone and Nigella sativa ) NS ((5 mg/kg) were given to the third group and the fourth group(Nigella sativa group) received 5 mg/kg Nigella sativa for 7 days. Epididymal sperm parameters were used for evaluation of the effects of dexamethasone and Nigella sativa on testis. Results: Epididymal sperm parameters (count,motility and abnormal sperm) showed significant alterations in dexamethasone group (p<0.05). Treatment with NS+ dexamethasone significantly prevented these changes (p<0.05). Conclusion: Numerous studies have been performed to evaluate destructive effects of dexamethasone on male reproductive system. The aim of this study was to assess protective effect of Nigella sativa against the side effects of dexamethasone on male reproductive system. We found that dexamethasone could decrease sperm parameters. These changes were reduced by using Nigella sativa.
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