Aims: Investigation Thyroid dysfunction and autoimmunity in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Background: This article was written to evaluate the thyroid function and anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) antibodies in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Objective: • More analysis on the levels of iodine intake in the pregnant women. • The geographical area, the type of climate, and other factors are likely to affect on thyroid disorders and GDM. • That thyroid tests be performed in pregnant women, especially those with GDM. • It seems necessary establish new criteria for both thyroid function and GDM according to race and geographical area. Method: A total of 252 women with GDM and 252 healthy pregnant women were enrolled. Thyroid tests, including TSH, FreeT3, Free T4, and anti-TPO were performed for all women at 24–28 weeks of gestation. Data analysis was then carried out using SPSS ver. 22. Result: There was a significant difference between the experimental group (38.4%) and the control group (14.06%) in terms of the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism (p= 0.016). The frequency of anti-TPO was higher in the experimental group than the control group and positive anti-TPO was observed in 18.6% of women with GDM and 10.3% of healthy pregnant women (P= 0.008). Conclusion: Thyroid disorders are observed in pregnant women with GDM more frequently than healthy individuals and it may be thus reasonable to perform thyroid tests routinely.

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In this study, the frequency and function of CD4+CD25+CD45RA+ regulatory T cells (Treg) and intracellular IL‐2 signalling molecules in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were investigated. Tregs and responder T cells (Tresp, CD4+CD25− T cells) were sorted and suppression assays were performed using flow cytometry. Phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription‐5 (pSTAT5) were assessed using flow cytometry. Gene expression of FOXP3 was performed with the SYBR green Real Time PCR method. Production of IL‐2 from cultured cells was assessed using ELISA. We observed a functional defect of CD4+CD25+CD45RA+ Tregs in T2DM patients with higher proliferation of Tresp cells, in response to anti‐CD3 and anti CD28 stimulation in the presence of Tregs in vitro. The results showed that the proliferation of Tresps in the absence of Treg cells was higher in T2DM patients than in healthy controls. Decreased FOXP3 mRNA expression and pSTAT5 were observed within the Tregs of the patients, whereas the level of secreted IL‐2 from PBMCs culture was not statically different between T2DM patients and healthy individuals. Changes in intracellular IL‐2 pathways and FOXP3 gene expression may contribute to the defect of Tregs in T2DM patients. These findings indicating that the purified CD4+CD25+CD45RA+ Treg cells have reduced functional capacity together with impaired IL‐2 pathway in T2DM, and the Tregs could be used for a potential novel therapeutic target.

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OBJECTIVESTo identify the most important demographic risk factors for a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using a neural network model.METHODSThis study was conducted on a sample of 234 individuals, in whom T2DM was diagnosed using hemoglobin A1c levels. A multilayer perceptron artificial neural network was used to identify demographic risk factors for T2DM and their importance. The DeLong method was used to compare the models by fitting in sequential steps.RESULTSVariables found to be significant at a level of p<0.2 in a univariate logistic regression analysis (age, hypertension, waist circumference, body mass index [BMI], sedentary lifestyle, smoking, vegetable consumption, family history of T2DM, stress, walking, fruit consumption, and sex) were entered into the model. After 7 stages of neural network modeling, only waist circumference (100.0%), age (78.5%), BMI (78.2%), hypertension (69.4%), stress (54.2%), smoking (49.3%), and a family history of T2DM (37.2%) were identified as predictors of the diagnosis of T2DM.CONCLUSIONSIn this study, waist circumference and age were the most important predictors of T2DM. Due to the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the final model, it is suggested that these variables should be used for T2DM risk assessment in screening tests.

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Pheochromocytomas are catecholamine producing tumors of adrenal gland generally diagnosed by presence of these markers in urine or plasma. However, a few may be marker-negative and challenging for clinicians. Several reports of these marker-negative pheochromocytomas may warrant necessity for a new classification of these tumors. Adrenergic blockade before surgery is one of the main reasons for recognition of these cases. We present a case of marker-negative pheochromocytoma which turned out to be malignant on its recurrence. To our knowledge, this is the only case of malignant marker-negative pheochromocytoma reported in literature so far.