Because of the increased emphasis on prevention and early detection of cervical cancer, we studied the effects of 2 educational methods on the knowledge, attitude, and practice, as regards prevention of cervical cancer, of women high school teachers in Tabriz. This study was a semiexperimental research. Samples were 129 female teachers divided in 3 groups: experimental 1 (educated by pamphlets), experimental 2 (educated by a lecture and flash cards), and control group (not manipulated). After doing pretest in the 3 groups, investigators used 2 educational methods for experimental groups. Data regarding the knowledge and attitude of 3 groups were gathered after 14 days and data regarding practice were gathered after 2 months. Chi-square and 1-way ANOVA were used for data analysis. Before education, knowledge, attitude, and practice of the 3 groups were the same, but after education there were significant differences in mean scores of knowledge and attitude of 2 experimental groups as compared with the control group and also between the 2 experimental groups (P < .001). Education by lecture and flash cards was more effective than by pamphlets. In regard to Pap smear practice, there was a significant difference between the 2 experimental groups as compared with the control group (P = .001), but there was no significant difference between the 2 experimental groups. Therefore, educational methods were effective on knowledge, attitude, and practice of teachers regarding prevention of cervical cancer and education by lecture and flash cards was more effective than by pamphlets in increasing knowledge and inducing a positive attitude but the 2 educational methods had the same effect on practice of teachers.

Objectives: Urinary incontinence (UI) and anal incontinence (AI) cause concern, social exclusion, and ultimately reduced quality of life in women. The aim of present study was to assess the prevalence and related risk factors of UI, AI, and pelvic organ prolapse (POP). Methods: The present study recruited 340 menopausal women living in Tabriz in northwest Iran. The data collection tools included the Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory-20 and a personal and social information questionnaire. POP was diagnosed via clinical examination using the simplified pelvic organ prolapse quantification system. Results: The prevalence of UI and POP was approximately 50%, and approximately 16% of participants reported AI. Based on the odds ratios, the most remarkable risk factor of urinary stress incontinence was the number of vaginal deliveries, whereas that of urinary urge incontinence was obesity. Episiotomy and age were the most major risk factors of AI and POP, respectively. Conclusions: The results of the present study showed that the prevalence of POP, UI, and AI is remarkably high among postmenopausal women, warranting the need to prioritize the assessment of POP and various incontinences in middle-aged women in the primary health care system. Furthermore, increased emphasis should be put on modifiable risk factors.

Introduction Uterine fibroids are the most common female pelvic tumors occurring in about 15% to 30% of women in the reproductive age. In an epidemiologic study published in 2003 in the United States, 80% of black and nearly 70% of white women were demonstrated to have ultrasound evidence of leiomyomas (1). When fibroids are associated with symptoms such as menorrhagia, congestive dysmenorrhoea, urinary frequency, infertility, and recurrent pregnancy losses, surgical intervention is often indicated (2). To date, there have been many fertility sparing procedures which have been used to alleviate the symptoms and enhance the fertility in women with uterine fibroids. Procedures such as uterine artery embolization (3), myolysis (4), and laparoscopic myomectomy (5,6) have been used in the treatment of uterine fibroids. A number of trials have been carried out to assess the effectiveness and safety of interventions in reducing the blood loss during myomectomy (7). Such interventions include intramyometrial vasopressin (8), intravenous oxytocin (9), tourniquets (10), chemical dissection with sodium-2-mercapto ethane sulfonate (mesna) (11), and intramyometrial bupivacaine plus epinephrine (12). A study was conducted by Ragab and colleagues in 2014 in Saudi Arabia on 69 patients undergoing abdominal myomectomy. It was shown that the use of 400 µg of vaginal or oral misoprostol 60 minutes before myomectomy reduced intraoperative bleeding and operation time (13). Vasopressin has already been shown to decrease blood loss at the time of myomectomy (8,10). Misoprostol is now being used by obstetricians and gynecologists worldwide for the evacuation of the uterus for missed abortions, intrauterine deaths, induction of labor, and the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage (14,15). Its popularity especially in developing countries such as Jamaica may be accounted for the fact that it is able to produce powerful uterine contractions and lead to a reduction in myometrial hemorrhage, while being inexpensive and easy to store. Contrary to a previous study in Turkey (14), we chose to investigate the use of misoprostol in a larger subset of patients in conjunction with oxytocin in a Persian population with a high incidence of myomectomies (8). This surgical procedure (myomectomy) involves a significant risk of hemorrhage (16). Different treatments have been proposed to reduce hemorrhage during myomectomy (17). Oxytocin administration reduces blood loss after delivery and this hormone is widely used to prevent postpartum hemorrhage (9). In this study, we compared the effectiveness of a single preoperative dose of misoprostol with intraoperative oxy-Abstract Objectives: This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of a single preoperative dose of misoprostol with intraoperative oxytocin infusion in abdominal myomectomies. Materials and Methods: Patients undergoing abdominal myomectomies were divided into 2 groups. An hour before the operation, women in the misoprostol group (n = 35) received a single dose of vaginal misoprostol (400 μg); t...

Assessment of the effect of combination of intrathecal midazolam and lidocaine on postoperative pain was the aim of this study. This randomized controlled trial was performed during 2007 in a teaching hospital of Arak University of Medical Sciences. Forty five male patients who were candidates for elective inguinal herniorrhaphy entered the study and randomly divided into three groups of control (lidocaine 5% plus normal saline), M 0.5 (lidocaine 5% and midazolam 0.5 mg) and M 1.0 (lidocaine 5% and midazolam 1 mg) according intrathecal solution injected for spinal anesthesia. Mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate, post-operative pain, narcotic requirements and complications (nausea, vomiting, pruritic, headache, hypotension and bradycardia) were recorded. The severity of post-operative pain was lowest in M 1.0 group in all postoperative measurements except at 2 h after operation. With regard of complications, only there was significant difference in vomiting between three groups which had the highest frequency in M 0.5 group. No severe hypotension was seen; though, bradycardia occurred in one patient in M 0.5 group which needed treatment. Present findings suggest that administration of intrathecal midazolam (especially 1 mg) together with lidocaine is effective in reducing post-operative pain in patients undergoing open inguinal herniorrhaphy and is not associated with adverse effect.

Background Some women avoid sexual intercourse during pregnancy due to the physiological changes they undergo during this period as well as their fear of causing harm to the fetus and to themselves, which can lead to problems in sexual health. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of a sexual health education package on the dimensions of sexual health in pregnant women. Methods This randomized, longitudinal, clinical trial was carried out in 2018–2019 on 154 pregnant women in early to late pregnancy who presented to comprehensive health centers in Rasht, Iran, and were divided into three groups: Group A or the training group (50 participants), Group B or the self-training group (53 participants), and Group C or the control group (51 participants). The study tools included the Pregnancy Sexual Response Inventory (PSRI), the Sexual Quality of Life-Female (SQOL-F) and the Sexual Violence Questionnaire. The dimensions of sexual health were examined before beginning each intervention in each trimester of pregnancy and then at the end of pregnancy using these questionnaires. The collected data were analyzed using statistical tests, namely the Chi-square test, one-way ANOVA, Cochrane’s test, and the repeated measures ANOVA at a significance level of P < 0.05. Results There was no statistically significant difference in the mean total scores of SQOL-F and PSRI in the three groups at baseline. As for the intergroup results, there was a statistically significant difference in the mean score of SQOL-F and PSRI at the end of pregnancy. The mean scores of PSRI and SQOL-F in the training group (Group A) increased from the beginning to the end of pregnancy compared to the control and self-training groups. As for the intergroup comparisons, there was no statistically significant difference in the mean total scores of sexual violence among the pregnant women in the different groups in the third trimester of pregnancy and at the end of the third trimester. Although sexual violence was not statistically significant, the number of sexually-violated women in the training group decreased during the training period compared to the self-training and control groups. Conclusion The results obtained in the intervention group compared to the control group revealed the effectiveness of the sexual health education package in terms of improvement in the dimensions of sexual health. According to the results, in order to maintain and promote the sexual health of pregnant women, health care providers are recommended to offer sexual health training during pregnancy along with other health care services. Trial registration IRCT20190427043398N1; the trial was registered on June 2, 2019. (retrospective registration).

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Background: COVID-19 affects the sexual health and fertility directly (by eliminating the distance between individuals and saliva exchange and also affecting the reproductive system) or indirectly (refusing the sexual intercourse and reducing fertility) and has consequences for couples and society. The present review study will be conducted to investigate the consequences of COVID-19 on sexual and reproductive health.Methods: The study will investigate the articles published from the onset of the disease in the world until July 30, 2020. To this end, all articles will be extracted and those with the inclusion criteria will be selected by searching on valid scientific databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest, SID, and Magiran and using keywords relating to the research purpose. Systematic review articles, letters to the editor-in-chief, abstracts, and clinical trials will be deleted. Articles will be separately evaluated by two researchers. The STROBE checklist will be used to check the quality of the articles.Discussion: The research results will be sent to journals for reviewing systematic articles and will be presented in PROSPERO. Also, this protocol is registered in PROSPERO with number CRD42020212621.The present systematic review will examine the effects of COVID-19 on sexual and reproductive health in women and men. The research results will be a guide for health planners to help reduce fertility and sexual problems during this period of COVID-19 by providing necessary programs in this regard.Systematic review registration: PROSPERO CRD42020212621

Introduction: Teaching is not only transfer of knowledge, but also, it is an interaction between the learner and the teacher. Thus, student participation in the teaching-learning process can be important and effective in learning. This study was performed to investigate the viewpoint of nursing and midwifery students regarding desirability of collaborative learning in their English language courses. Methods: This intervention study was conducted with the participation of 47 students of Kerman Razi School of Nursing and Midwifery. At the beginning of the course, adequate explanations on student participation in teaching was given. The process of participatory teaching was performed during each session in ten steps. During the last meeting, data were collected using a questionnaire consisting of demographic variables of collaborative teaching procedures. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 17. Results: The findings showed that most students prefered to be taught by the teacher and collaborative teaching was less favorable. The most favorable was "the text read by the teacher", "teaching a lesson by the teacher" and "analyzing the text words by the teacher". The least desirables were "translation by two or more students using a dictionary at any given time" and "translation by two or more students without using a dictionary". Conclusions: The results showed that students favoured a lesson that was purely taught by the teacher. The nature of an English course probably yielded these results. Therefore, collaborative teaching should be started at lower levels so that students at higher levels are familiar with this method of teaching.