Gas sensing properties of devices fabricated using ZnO nanowires/nanobelts (NS) aligned between two electrodes using dielectrophoresis technique were investigated. ZnO nanostructures were synthesized by carbothermal method. The devices were characterized as gas sensors and showed high sensitivity for detection of NO gas at room temperature. Typical sensor response, defined as the relative change in resistance, due to the introduction of the gas was found to be approximately 500% for 40 ppm of NO gas. The devices showed average response and recovery times of about 30 s and 1 min respectively. The results demonstrate the potential of fabricating nanosized sensors using single nanowires/nanobelts.
The tandem Solar cell has high power conversion efficiency (PCE), so they are taken as the next step in photovoltaic evolution. The tandem solar cell also overcome the limitations of Single-junction solar cells by reducing thermalization losses and also reduce the fabrication cost. The fabrication of tandem solar cells is highly efficient after the origination of halide perovskite absorber material, this material will shape the future of tandem solar cells. Researchers have already shown that this material can convert light more efficiently than standalone sub cell. Today, researchers around the world are keeping the configuration of a tandem solar cell as their agenda. A Tandem solar cell is a stacking of multiple layers having different bandgaps with specific maximum absorption and width. We reviewed perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells with different sub-module configurations. Move forward, we discuss the tandem module technology, sub cell of a tandem can be wired in several ways two terminals 2T monolithic and mechanically stacked, a four-terminal 4T mechanically stacked, and three-terminal 3T monolithic stack devices. This review paper provides a side-by-side comparison of theoretical efficiencies of multijunction solar cells. The highest efficiency has been evaluated at 39.4% for a three-level structure.
<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">The sunrise vision for hydrogen economy lies in efficient, lightweight and durable devices which can convert hydrogen energy into electrical energy. Proton Exchange Membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is a key hydrogen energy conversion system for transport sector. The efficiency and durability of PEM fuel cell largely depends on cathode electrode and membrane and Bipolar plates (BP Plates) plays an important role in it. BP plates perform the important functions of transporting fuel gases to reactive sites, collecting charges and thus conducting electricity from cell to cell, moisture adjustment of membrane, transport of produced water and provides essential mechanical strength to fuel cell stack. It makes BP plates the backbone of PEM Fuel cell power stack. For BP plates to perform intended functions, it is highly desirable BP plates to possess excellent properties on corrosion resistance, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, water wettability, weldability and formability. There is a conventional wisdom to use graphite plates as BP plates for the obvious advantages of high electrical conductivity and corrosion resistance. However, the unavoidable disadvantages, durability against shock and vibrations, cost and weight, machinability and limited design flexibility associated with Graphite BP plates shifted the focus to metallic BP plates. In recent times, numerous metallic BP plates are being developed. However bare metallic BP plates lack the basic performance requirements of corrosion resistance and surface/contact electrical conductivity. In order to improve these properties, specifically corrosion resistance in fuel cell environment, multiple coating systems and coatings processes are being developed. The development in BP plates coatings is primarily focused on reducing or eliminating Interfacial Contact Resistance (ICR) and improving corrosion and oxidation resistance. This paper reviews numerous coating systems, which are being developed for metallic BP plates including the process for coating deposition and key characterization techniques to evaluate the performance of metallic bipolar plate.</div></div>
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