Posterior instrumentation through the pedicle is a common surgery. Understanding the morphometry of the pedicle and the anatomy of adjacent neural structures should help decrease the risk of postoperative complications. T1-L5 segments from 15 sets of human vertebrae were separated into individual vertebrae and the morphometric characteristics of the thoracic and lumbar spine and the safe zone of the pedicle were analyzed. T11-L5 segments from six human cadavers were dissected. Measurements were taken from the pedicle to the dura and nerve roots superiorly, inferiorly, medially, and laterally, and the transverse angles of the nerve roots were measured. Pedicles were widest in L5 and narrowest in T4 in the transverse plane, and widest in T11 or T12 and narrowest in T1 in the sagittal plane. In individual pedicle, the ranges of the safe zone width and height were 3.4-7.7 and 8.6-13.7 mm, respectively, in T1-T10; and 7.2-17.8 and 13.9-16.7 mm, respectively, in T11-L5. The transverse angle of the pedicle decreases progressively from T1 to T12, then increase from L1 to L5.In sagittal angle, the largest angle localized at T2 and the smallest at L5. The mean distances from pedicles to adjacent neural structures were greater superiorly and laterally than inferiorly and medially. The lateral distance between nerve root and the pedicle ranged from 2.4 to 9.6 mm in lumbar spine. This study provides potential safe zones for the application of through-pedicle procedures to help decrease the risk of postoperative complications.

High uric acid levels are a risk factor for cardiovascular disorders and gout; however, the role of physiological concentrations of soluble uric acid (sUA) is poorly understood. This study aimed to clarify the effects of sUA in joint inflammation. Both cell cultures of primary porcine chondrocytes and mice with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) were examined. We showed that sUA inhibited TNF-α- and interleukin (IL)-1β–induced inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13 expression. Examination of the mRNA expression of several MMPs and aggrecanases confirmed that sUA exerts chondroprotective effects by inhibiting the activity of many chondro-destructive enzymes. These effects attenuated collagen II loss in chondrocytes and reduced proteoglycan degradation in cartilage explants. These results were reproduced in chondrocytes cultured in three-dimensional (3-D) alginate beads. Molecular studies revealed that sUA inhibited the ERK/AP-1 signalling pathway, but not the IκBα-NF-κB signalling pathway. Increases in plasma uric acid levels facilitated by the provision of oxonic acid, a uricase inhibitor, to CIA mice exerted both anti-inflammatory and arthroprotective effects in these animals, as demonstrated by their arthritis severity scores and immunohistochemical analysis results. Our study demonstrated that physiological concentrations of sUA displayed anti-inflammatory and chondroprotective effects both in vitro and in vivo.