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Detailed understanding of how the bio-nano interface orchestrates the function of both biological components and nanomaterials remains ambiguous. Here, through a combination of experiments and molecular dynamics simulations, we investigated how the interface between Candida Antarctic lipase B and palladium (Pd) nanoparticles (NPs) tunes the structure, dynamics, and catalysis of the enzyme. Our simulations show that the metal binding to protein is a shape matching behavior and there is a transition from saturated binding to unsaturated binding along with the increase in the size of metal NPs. When we engineered the interface with the polymer, not only did the critical size of saturated binding of metal NPs become larger, but also the disturbance of the metal NPs to the enzyme function was reduced. In addition, we found that an enzyme–metal interface engineered with the polymer can boost bio-metal cascade reactions via substrate channeling. Understanding and control of the bio-nano interface at the molecular level enable us to rationally design bio-nanocomposites with prospective properties.

This paper considers the problem of remote state estimation in a linear discrete invariant system, where a smart sensor is utilized to measure the system state and generate a local estimate. The communication depends on an event scheduler in the smart sensor. When the channel between the remote estimator and the smart sensor is activated, the remote estimator simply adopts the estimate transmitted by the smart sensor. Otherwise, it calculates an estimate based on the available information. The closed-form of the minimum mean-square error (MMSE) estimator is introduced, and we use Gaussian preserving event-based sensor scheduling to obtain an ideal compromise between the communication cost and estimation quality. Furthermore, we calculate a variation range of communication probability, which helps to design the policy of event-triggered estimation. Finally, the simulation results are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed event-triggered estimator.

Adaptations to salt stress were studied in embryogenic cultures from two ecotypes of reed (Phragmites communis T.). In the 600 mM NaCl treatment, relative cell viability of dune reed embryogenic cultures from a desert region was 56% greater than the control, 198% greater than swamp reed embryogenic cultures. After treatment with different NaCl concentrations, their relative growth rates (RGRs), pyridine nucleotides, activities of antioxidant enzymes and plasma membrane H + -ATPase (EC 3.6.1.35) were determined. The results showed that NADPH content, NADPH/NADP + ratio and the activity of plasma membrane H + -ATPase in dune reed embryogenic cultures were higher than those of the control in the present of 600 mM NaCl. The activities of peroxidase (POD, EC 1.11.1.7) and catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6) increased more in dune reed embryogenic cultures than in swamp reed embryogenic cultures. Dune reed embryogenic cultures tolerated higher concentration of NaCl than swamp reed embryogenic cultures. Under high concentration of NaCl, the survival of dune reed embryogenic cultures might be due to reductive status maintenance and ions absorption regulation in the plant cells. This phenomenon would be a result of crossadaptation in nature.Abbreviations: CAT -catalase; DW -dry weight; FW -fresh weight; MDA -malondialdehyde; PODperoxidase; RGR -relative growth rate; SOD -superoxide dismutase