Malaria caused by Plasmodium species is a disease with high morbidity and mortality, especially in children. The changing clinical and blood manifestations of P.falciparum, emerging trends of complications with P.vivax are some of the important issues that merit attention at present in India. The prospective crosssectional study conducted on 170 patients of malaria in Mumbai aimed at studying the clinico-haematological alterations in the disease. Fever and splenomegaly were critical findings in majority of patients so that they may be used for clinical diagnosis of malaria and early institution of therapy. P.vivax was the predominant species with severe thrombocytopenia however anemia was common in P.falciparum infection.Older children were affected more severely than infants with hematological complications, namely anemia and thrombocytopenia. Anemia and thrombocytopenia were common observations while leucocyte count was normal in most patients. After 48 hours of antimalarial treatment, platelet count improved with restoration to normal in majority of patients while anemia worsened in most cases. There was a negative correlation between platelet count and hyperparasitemia. Despite availability of extensive literature on various manifestations of malaria, the evolving nature of the disease mandates continuous revision of existing data.
Cyclosporine (CsA) stays the most intangible molecule holding a good history for treating several ophthalmic conditions and it even attributes to multiple off-label uses. Topical delivery of CsA is the most preferred route but owing to the molecule's physicochemical properties such as poor aqueous solubility and high molecular weight as well as its encounter with multiple barriers of eye causes hindrance for proper delivery of the molecule to the site of action. However, Restasis<sup>®</sup>, Cequa<sup>®</sup>, and Verkazia<sup>®</sup> are the marketed formulations that have been approved by U.S. Food and Drug Administration, whereas Cyclokat<sup>®</sup> and Ikervis<sup>®</sup> by the European Medicines Agency. Although these medications are in use, they are associated with severe discomfort and poor patient compliance. This review gives an overview regarding current formulations available in the market, the products in pipeline and the recent advances undertaken for improving ocular delivery of CsA for various ophthalmic indications.
Introduction: Anaemia during pregnancy is highly prevalent especially in developing nations (65-75% in India). The causes are multifactorial, nutritional anaemia being the most common cause. Maternal anaemia is known to have adverse neonatal outcomes, including anthropometric measurements. Aim: To study the correlation between maternal haemoglobin level and neonatal birth weight, length and head circumference. Materials and Methods: It was a prospective observational study carried out at DY Patil University School of Medicine and Hospital, Nerul, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India done over two years between November 2018-November 2020. Maternal history, blood samples and neonatal birth weight, length and head circumference were taken. Results were recorded, and qualitative data was presented using frequency, percentage while quantitative data was presented using descriptive statistics. Further statistical analysis was carried out with the help of tests such as Wilcoxon Mann-whitney U test, Kruskal Walis test and Spearman’s correlation test for association. Results: A total of 550 anaemic mothers fulfilling the inclusion criteria were enrolled in the study. Neonatal birth weight, length and head circumference were negatively affected by the severity of maternal anaemia which was statistically significant. Higher Body Mass Index (BMI), compliance with Iron Folic Acid (IFA) supplementation, adequate interpregnancy interval between pregnancies and adequate calorie intake during pregnancy resulted in significant differences in birth weight and length. Conclusion: Maternal anaemia, malnutrition, irregular IFA supplementation, inadequate spacing and inadequate calorie intake significantly hampers neonatal anthropometry.
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