Although
anti-PD-1 immunotherapy is widely used to treat melanoma,
its efficacy still has to be improved. In this work, we present a
therapeutic method that combines immunotherapy and starvation therapy
to achieve better antitumor efficacy. We designed the CMSN-GOx method,
in which mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) are loaded with glucose
oxidase (GOx) and then encapsulate the surfaces of cancer cell membranes
to realize starvation therapy. By functionalizing the MSN’s
biomimetic surfaces, we can synthesize nanoparticles that can escape
the host immune system and homologous target. These attributes enable
the nanoparticles to have improved cancer targeting ability and enrichment
in tumor tissues. Our synthetic CMSN-GOx complex can ablate tumors
and induce dendritic cell maturity to stimulate an antitumor immune
response. We performed an in vivo analysis of these
nanoparticles and determined that our combined therapy CMSN-GOx plus
PD-1 exhibits a better antitumor therapeutic effect than therapies
using CMSN-GOx or PD-1 alone. Additionally, we used the positron emission
tomography imaging to measuring the level of glucose metabolism in
tumor tissues, for which we investigate the effect with the cancer
therapy in vivo.
Contact electrification between water and a solid surface is crucial for physicochemical processes at water–solid interfaces. However, the nature of the involved processes remains poorly understood, especially in the initial stage of the interface formation. Here we report that H
2
O
2
is spontaneously produced from the hydroxyl groups on the solid surface when contact occurred. The density of hydroxyl groups affects the H
2
O
2
yield. The participation of hydroxyl groups in H
2
O
2
generation is confirmed by mass spectrometric detection of
18
O in the product of the reaction between 4-carboxyphenylboronic acid and
18
O–labeled H
2
O
2
resulting from
18
O
2
plasma treatment of the surface. We propose a model for H
2
O
2
generation based on recombination of the hydroxyl radicals produced from the surface hydroxyl groups in the water–solid contact process. Our observations show that the spontaneous generation of H
2
O
2
is universal on the surfaces of soil and atmospheric fine particles in a humid environment.
Optical barcoding technology based on quantum dot (QD)-encoded microparticles has attracted increasing attention in high-throughput multiplexed biological assays, which is realized by embedding different-sized QDs into polymeric matrixes at precisely controlled ratios. Considering the advantage of droplet-based microfluidics, producing monodisperse particles with precise control over the size, shape and composition, we present a proof-of-concept approach for on-demand preparation of QD-encoded microparticles based on this versatile new strategy. Combining a flow-focusing microchannel with a double T-junction in a microfluidic chip, biocompatible QD-doped microparticles were constructed by shearing sodium alginate solution into microdroplets and on-chip gelating these droplets into a hydrogel matrix to encapsulate CdSe/ZnS QDs. Size-controllable QD-doped hydrogel microparticles were produced under the optimum flow conditions, and their fluorescent properties were investigated. A novel multiplex optical encoding strategy was realized by loading different sized QDs into a single droplet (and thus a hydrogel microparticle) with different concentrations, which was triggered by tuning the flow rates of the sodium alginate solutions entrapped with different-colored QDs. A series of QD-encoded microparticles were controllably, and continuously, produced in a single step with the present approach. Their application in a model immunoassay demonstrated the potential practicability of QD-encoded hydrogel microparticles in multiplexed biomolecular detection. This simple and robust strategy should be further improved and practically used in making barcode microparticles with various polymer matrixes.
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