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This paper presents a simulation study of a steam. assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) process applied to the Hangingstone tar sands reservoir. Two pairs of 500 m long horizontal wells installed from the surface are considered. The study was conducted to forecast recovery performance and to further understand the oil production mechanism. Results predicted that more than 60% of the oil can be produced in six years of operation with a steam-oil ratio of less than 3.0. The study was extended to provide a visual understanding of the flow behaviour of steam, oil, and water in the reservoir. The fluid flow diagrams revealed that oil is displaced mainly by steam condensate and that convective energy carried by steam condensate dominates the heat transfer mechanism. The authors applied this recovery mechanism concept to the study of subcooling temperature optimization for the steam trap control. The results of this reservoir dynamics study are presented. Finally the role of this process's geomechanical effects are briefly discussed. Introduction The Hangingstone oil sands reservoir is located near Fort McMurray. The reservoir is jointly owned by Petro-Canada, Imperial Oil, Canadian Occidental, and Japan Canada Oil Sands (JACOS). The bitumen viscosity at reservoir condition is over 1,000,000 mPa.s and will not flow naturally. JACOS is going to use a Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) process to extract bitumen from the Hangingstone reservoir. A cyclic steam stimulation (CSS) process was extensively tested for the same reservoir over a decade. Through a numerical simulation study of the performance, it was found that the bitumen is difficult to produce at economically feasible rates using the CSS process for the subject reservoir(1). After seven cycles of CSS operation, 3,182 m3 of oil was produced for a total of 28,000 m3 of steam injection. Steam oil ratio and calendar day oil rates were 8.8 and 3.45 m3/day respectively. JACOS has been participating in the Underground Test Facility (UTF) project since 1991 when Phase A of the project was completed. From its participation, JACOS has received all of the field data plus operating and drilling experience. UTF's field data have been extensively analysed through numerical simulation. Based on the analysis of the data, it was decided to drill two pairs of 500 m horizontal wells in 1997 and to start operating the SAGD process in 1998. The expected well performance calculated using a thermal simulator is presented in the paper. Following the base case run, a series of parametric studies were conducted. Some interesting results, such as the oil recovery mechanism obtained from the study, are also included. Although many uncertainties still exist in both the recovery concept and operational procedure for the SAGD process, promising potential for its application has been demonstrated in Phases A and B of theUTF project(2, 3). One major uncertainty is whether the geomechanical change of the formation during the process is an important aspect or not. The role of geomechanical effect in the growth of the steam chamber and well performance is also presented.

Cellulose triacetate was synthesised by the transesterification reaction of mild acid-pretreated lignocellulosic biomass with a stable acetylating reagent in an ionic liquid, EmimOAc, which enabled the dissolution of lignocellulose as well as the organocatalytic reaction.

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Considering the recent environmental problems, it is critical to minimize our dependence on fossil fuels and maximize the utilization of sustainable and abundant lignocellulosic biomass. Herein, we present a facile approach for the green conversion of sugarcane bagasse, a lignocellulose-rich agro waste, to valorized thermoplastics by utilizing its total lignocellulosic constituents. To impart adequate thermal moldability to the bagasse without sacrificing the key mechanical properties, all hydroxy (OH) groups were substituted with long- and short-chains acyl groups via one-pot and two-step reactions, allowing for a precise control of the acyl group molar ratio. The esterified bagasse with hexanoyl and acetyl groups (∼20:80, mol/mol) demonstrated an excellent melt-flowability at 180 °C, while maintaining good mechanical properties (tensile strength: 35 ± 4 MPa and Young’s modulus: 1.6 ± 0.1 GPa), which were attributed to the plasticizer effects of the introduced long-chain acyl group as well as the retained hemicellulose and lignin components. Additionally, the material properties of the esterified bagasse were desirably tunable and dependent on the type of acyl groups and lignocellulose. Thus, these findings demonstrate the potential for lignocelluloses to be used as a high value-added biomass plastic in various fields, paving the way for the use of lignocellulosic components as polymeric materials.

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A facile, sustainable method for the selective modification of aliphatic hydroxy (R–OH) groups in Kraft lignin was developed using an ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (EmimOAc), as a solvent and catalyst. Selective R–OH modification was achieved by a one-pot, two-step homogeneous reaction: (i) acetylation of R–OH and aromatic OH (Ar–OH) groups with isopropenyl acetate (IPAc) as an acyl donor and (ii) subsequent selective deacetylation of the generated aromatic acetyl (Ar–OAc) groups. In step (i), IPAc reacts rapidly with Ar–OH but slowly with R–OH. The generated Ar–OAc is gradually deacetylated by heating in EmimOAc, whereas the aliphatic acetyl (R–OAc) groups are chemically stable. In step (ii), all R–OH is acetylated by IPAc and Ar–OAc which is a better acyl donor than IPAc, contributing to the rapid acetylation of the remaining R–OH, and selective deacetylation of the residual Ar–OAc is completed by adding a tiny amount of water as a proton source. This two-step reaction resulted in selective R–OH modification (>99%) in Kraft lignin with the remaining being almost all Ar–OH groups (93%). Selectively modified Kraft lignin was obtained with an acceptably high isolated yield (85%) and repeatability (N = 3). Furthermore, despite the lower substitution degree, it exhibited solubility in common solvents, heat-meltability, and thermal stability comparable to completely acetylated Kraft lignin.