Columnar liquid crystals composed of a giant macrocyclic mesogen were prepared. The giant macrocyclic mesogen has a square hollow with a 2.5 nm diagonal, which was bounded by diindolo[3,2-b:2',3'-h]carbazole (diindolocarbazole) moieties as the edges and bis(salicylidene)-o-phenylenediamine (salphen) moieties as the corners. The shape and size of the macrocycle were directly observed by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Each side of the bright square in the STM image corresponds to a diindolocarbazole moiety, and the length of the sides was consistent with the result of the single crystal analysis of diindolocarbazole. Finally, we successfully obtained a giant macrocycle with long and branched side chains, which exhibited a rectangular columnar LC phase over a wide temperature range. To the best of our knowledge, it contained the largest discrete inner space of any thermotropic columnar liquid crystal composed of macrocyclic mesogens.
Columnar liquid crystals composed of a giant macrocyclic mesogen were prepared. The giant macrocyclic mesogen has a square hollow with a 2.5 nm diagonal, which was bounded by diindolo[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐h]carbazole (diindolocarbazole) moieties as the edges and bis(salicylidene)‐o‐phenylenediamine (salphen) moieties as the corners. The shape and size of the macrocycle were directly observed by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Each side of the bright square in the STM image corresponds to a diindolocarbazole moiety, and the length of the sides was consistent with the result of the single crystal analysis of diindolocarbazole. Finally, we successfully obtained a giant macrocycle with long and branched side chains, which exhibited a rectangular columnar LC phase over a wide temperature range. To the best of our knowledge, it contained the largest discrete inner space of any thermotropic columnar liquid crystal composed of macrocyclic mesogens.
We wanted to assess the frequency of hydronephrosis after flexible ureteroscopy (fURS), its risk factors, and long-term outcomes. We retrospectively analyzed 865 patients who underwent fURS for renal or ureteral stones from October 2011 to December 2019 and were evaluated for hydronephrosis 3 months after surgery by ultrasonography or computed tomography. Patient demographics, preoperative ureteral stents, location and diameter of stones, operative times, use of ballistic or laser devices, intraoperative ureteral injuries, and duration of the postoperative ureteral stents were evaluated. The clinical outcome was further followed for patients identified with an abnormal 3-month follow-up. At 3 months postoperatively, 48 patients developed hydronephrosis. The median stone length was 11.6 mm in all patients, and preoperative ureteral stenting was performed in most (93.5%) patients. The operation time (77 vs. 60 minutes, p < .05) was significantly longer in the group with postoperative hydronephrosis. There was no significant difference with ureteral injury. Multiple regression analysis revealed that only the operation time significantly increased the risk for postoperative hydronephrosis. Almost all patients with mild postoperative hydronephrosis had resolution or no worsening of hydronephrosis. Only one of the three patients with moderate hydronephrosis improved, but the others did not. Only the operation time was significant as a risk factor for postoperative hydronephrosis, whereas ureteral injury and the ureteral access sheath diameter were not. Mild hydronephrosis resolved spontaneously in most patients, but those with more severe hydronephrosis might require follow-up or treatment for ureteral stricture.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.