This study investigated whether four anticholinergics which are not clinically used for relaxing the urinary bladder detrusor muscle inhibit the contraction of isolated caprine (goat) detrusor muscle: cyclopentolate (100 nm), homatropine (5 microm), ipratropium (500 nm) and valethamate (1 microm). The effects of these anticholinergics were compared with tolterodine (3 microm), an anticholinergic clinically used for relaxing the detrusor muscle. The inhibitory effect of each of these five anticholinergics was studied on six strips of caprine detrusor muscle made to contract with 100 mum acetylcholine (ACh) by determining the percent inhibition of height of contraction and the area under the contractile curve (AUC). It was found that all five anticholinergics inhibited the ACh-induced contraction of the caprine detrusor and that this inhibition was reversed by raising the concentration of ACh. Hence, these four anticholinergics, like tolterodine, may be useful in managing clinical conditions that require relaxation of the detrusor muscle.
A new, efficient, and secure clinical approach is increasingly being sought for the treatment of cancer. Nanoemulsions (NE) are projected to have a profound effect on delivering improved healthcare services with significant implications on forthcoming healthcare policies. In contrast to other drug carriers, the key value of NEs is that they can be engineered to target tumor cells and overcome the major challenge of multi-drug resistance. Multifunctional NEs are being investigated by researchers in various fields of study, primarily in the treatment of different forms of cancer. The congruent presence of NEs with contrast agents or certain dyes increases the accuracy of cancer status identification by enhancing the responsiveness of the agents; thus, they are finding application as nanotheranostics. A summary of different NEs and their documented applications in cancer therapeutics, with emphasis on breast cancer, is presented in this chapter.
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