Multidrug resistant bacteria are marching and winning. The entire human race is at risk and new, effective antibiotics are needed for survival. Several notable routines to develop novel antibiotics are briefly compared here and possible new strategies are proposed. Key words include but not limited to nanotechnology, metal nanoparticles, natural product, medicinal plants, folk medicine, ethnopharmacology, computer-based screening, synergistic antibacterial activity, genomics, peptides, inhibitor, and structure-based virtual screening.

We have developed a continuous-wave (CW) terahertz (THz) radiation source that is excited using a laser diode (LD). With this source, the radiation is generated via difference frequency generation (DFG) under non-collinear phase matching in gallium phosphide (GaP). A distributed feedback (DFB) LD and an external cavity laser diode (ECLD) were used as the excitation light sources, and these, together with a polarization maintaining (PM) ytterbium-doped fiber amplifier, had linewidths of less than 4 MHz. The narrow linewidth means that the THz radiation can be used for high resolution spectroscopy. As an example of this, the spectrum for a mixture of saturated water vapor and ethanol at room temperature was obtained, where the spectral absorption lines for water and ethanol at around 2.46 THz could be distinguished. Furthermore, the THz spectra of water vapor at different humidity levels were measured under normal atmospheric conditions. From these we obtained the dependences on humidity of the position of the absorption peak, its FWHM and the intensity of the water vapor absorption band due to the rotational transition of 4 32 ←4 23 . We also show the results for time-dependent THz spectra of water vapor in a vapor-liquid coexistence in a chamber at reduced pressure, where an absorption peak, probably due to an intermediate state of the water molecules, appeared around 2.585 THz just after reducing the pressure in the chamber.

Fetal lung is one of the organs of interest for researchers since a long time. Though, detailed morphometric studies about adult lung weight are there in the literature but weight of lungs at different stages in the foetal period is far less available. Hence, the present study attempted to find out the relationship between the foetal lungs in relation with its development in different gestational weeks. The study was carried out on 40 human fetuses of known gestational age in the Department of Anatomy, Manipal College of Medical Sciences, Pokhara, Nepal. Ethical approval was granted by the Institutional Review Committee (IRC), MCOMS, Pokhara. The weight of the fetuses and fetal lung was measured in grams on digital weighing machine. The mean values of all parameters by gestational age was calculated and analyzed. The data was represented graphically by using appropriate statistical analysis. In the present study the body weight of fetuses showed gradual increase from 10 th week to 38 th weeks of gestation. The weight of right lung was seen more than the weight of left lung throughout the gestational weeks. Evaluating body and organ weights and measurements against known standards is an important part of perinatal pathology and also provides new insights for understanding and developing knowledge in both normal and pathological conditions.

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