CD4 + T cell responses are crucial for the control of many intracellular pathogens, yet the requirements for their induction are not fully understood. To better understand the role that various dendritic cell (DC) subtypes play in CD4 + T cell priming, we compared in vivo T cell responses to skin inoculation of mice with infectious or UV-inactivated HSV type 1. Localized infection elicited a Th1 response that was primed in skin-draining lymph nodes involving Ag presentation by migratory dermal and lymph node-resident DC. However, expansion and Th1 differentiation was impaired in response to UV-inactivated virus (UV-HSV), and this defect correlated with a restriction of Ag presentation to migratory CD103dermal DC. A similar differentiation defect was seen in infected mice lacking CD8a + and CD103 + classical type 1 DC (cDC1). Finally, Th1 differentiation after UV-HSV inoculation was rescued by targeted Ag delivery to CD8a + and CD103 + cDC1 using an anti-Clec9A Ab construct. This suggests that Ag presentation by cDC1 is crucial for optimal Th1 immunity to HSV type 1 infection and potentially other pathogens of the skin.

Pilomatricoma is a rare benign skin adnexal tumor arising from hair matrix cells. It usually manifests as a firm-to-hard, well-circumscribed, nontender nodule often mistaken as a dermoid cyst. However, its clinical presentation has been reported to mimic keloid. In addition, although it occurs most frequently in the head and neck area, pilomatricoma is rarely reported on the auricle. Herein, we reported a case of pilomatricoma occurring on the posterior part of a 9-year-old girl’s auricle. Unlike classic pilomatricoma, the tumor closely resembled a keloid. Nevertheless, histological examination following excision of the tumor revealed a dermal tumor arranged in solid nests consisting of basaloid and ghost cells along with foreign body reaction, calcification, and ossification, confirming the diagnosis of pilomatricoma. The rarity, atypical clinical presentation, and unique location of this tumor contributed to the misdiagnosis of this case. Therefore, we reviewed previous cases of pilomatricoma of the auricle reported in the literature to provide a comprehensive understanding of this rare entity.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel coronavirus which has been identified as the cause of the recently emerging coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a respiratory-related infectious disease, in late 2019. As of May 2020, SARS-CoV-2 has infected millions of people with almost 300.000 deaths worldwide only within few months since its first case was reported. While this infection mostly results in mild diseases, the increasing number of severe cases and deaths cannot be overlooked. Due to its novelty, many facets of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis are not well understood. This review presents updated knowledge on the key virus characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and critical notes in the pathogenesis of this viral infection in human that is currently proposed to largely involve various aspects of the host immune responses. While the immediate impact of viral infection in the target cells contributes to the development of the disease, the ability of the virus to modify the host responses may result in the dysregulation of innate and adaptive immune responses, which commonly manifest in the severe spectrum of the disease. Having deep understanding on this complex process is central for tailoring appropriate management for the infected patients as well as for developing effective preventive measures, most importantly vaccine, which is hoped to occur in the near future. ABSTRAK Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) adalah suatu jenis virus corona baru penyebab coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), suatu penyakit infeksi pada saluran napas, yang muncul akhir tahun 2019. Hingga bulan Mei 2020, SARS-CoV-2 telah menginfeksi jutaan orang dan menyebabkan hampir 300.000 kematian di seluruh dunia, hanya dalam waktu beberapa bulan setelah kasus pertama dilaporkan. Walaupun infeksi ini sebagian besar menyebabkan gejala ringan, peningkatan jumlah kasus berat dan kematian tidak dapat diabaikan. Dikarenakan kebaruan virus ini, banyak aspek patogenesis SARS-CoV-2 yang belum diketahui dengan baik. Tinjauan ini membahas pengetahuan terkini tentang karakteristik penting virus SARS-CoV-2 serta aspek penting patogenesis infeksi virus ini pada manusia, yang melibatkan berbagai komponen respon imun inang. Walaupun efek langsung infeksi virus pada sel target berperan dalam perkembangan penyakit, kemampuan virus ini untuk memodifikasi respon inang dapat menyebabkan disregulasi respon imun bawaan dan adaptif, yang bermanifestasi menjadi penyakit yang berat. Pemahaman mendalam kompleksitas proses ini sangat diperlukan dalam penentuan manajemen yang tepat untuk pasien yang terinfeksi dan dalam upaya prevensi yang efektif, seperti vaksin, yang diharapkan dapat diwujudkan dalam waktu dekat.

Background Autologous non-cultured cell (ANCC) spray has been used to treat burns, chronic wounds, and vitiligo, but its use in junctional epidermolysis bullosa (JEB) has not been published previously. Chronic wounds in JEB are caused by mutations of laminin 332 (L322), whose function is to attach and act as a glue in the basal membrane. It is proposed that ANCC applications can provide keratinocytes and fibroblasts required to improve epithelization and spontaneously correct revertant keratinocytes in the wound area. Purpose To develop a modified procedure of ANCC spray and improve epithelization using silver sulfadiazine covered with plastic wrap to treat chronic wounds of JEB. Patients and Methods Shave excision of the donor site was performed on a 19-year-old girl with JEB. The ANCC spray was prepared and applied to the chronic wound, which was then covered with silver sulfadiazine occluded with plastic wrap. Results Following the ANCC spray application, epithelization was successfully initiated. Unfortunately, the wounds recurred after four months of follow-up. Conclusion The modified application method of ANCC spray provides a good alternative to treat chronic wounds in JEB.