Contention-less flip-flops (CLFF's) and separated power supply voltages (V DD ) between flip-flops (FF's) and combinational logics are proposed to achieve a maximum energy efficiency operation. The proposed technologies were applied to a 16-bit integer unit (IU) for media processing in a 65-nm CMOS process. Measurement results of fabricated chips show that the proposed CLFF reduces the minimum operating voltage of IU's by 64mV on average. By scaling V DD from 1.2V to 310mV with the proposed CLFF, the maximum energy efficiency of 1835GOPS/W and the highest energy efficiency increase of 12.7 times are achieved.
High current transfer-molded type power modules have been developed for industrial motor drive systems. The key issue in this development was to improve heat dissipation characteristic of the existing transfer-molded package cansmction. To achieve this, a new concept of directly soldering power chips on heat spreaders has been adopted.However, strain of solder joints by heat-cycling stress became the issue in the development process. It has been solved by creating specially designed dimples on copper heat spreaders intepted in the structure and using a new resin. which has a linear expansion coefficient close to that of the metal. Durability of a new transfer molded type high-current power module, which has been developed based on the novel shuctural concept, has been ascertained by heat cycling and other tests. The authors will describe some major aspects of the new design and provide results of confirmatory tests performed on the device in this paper.
We study self-mixing laser diode (SM-LD) as a low-cost and compact optical sensor for non-invasive blood flow measurement and profiling over the skin surface. By making in-vivo and in-vitro measurements, we compare the SM-LD based sensor with the commercially available flowmeters to assess the accuracy and feasibility of SM-LD sensors for such applications. For the SM-LD based sensor, we apply two different signal processing methods (i) counting the intensity fluctuations of the signal from the SM-LD to obtain a frequency value, and (ii) the autocorrelation of the signal. In-vitro measurements show good agreement with the commercially available flowmeters. In-vivo measurements performed on test subjects revealed that autocorrelation technique shows much better results than the counting technique in blood flow profiling and SM-LD based sensor suffers from errors caused by external artifacts during measurements.
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