Experimental as well as theoretical studies were made on the basis of the breakage contact model to elucidate the breakage mechanism of cokes in the drum tests and the following equation to express the size distribution of cokes after breakage was obtained.Here in the equation, R(Dp, t) is the size distribution function at time t in the cumulative oversize of Dp. The key w means the specific work rate cokes suffer from the breakage system. Dp s is the size of sample and Dp max is the maximum size to breakage fragments. The key (E/M) means the specific energy loaded per unit mass of breakage fragment and is named apparent fines generation energy. The key g is the size distribution index to characterize the size distribution profile of the breakage fragments. These two parameters dominate the breakage phenomena and their values are given as functions of the mechanical properties of sample coke and the mechanical load conditions of the concerned breakage system. The equation was confirmed useful to predict the breakage phenomena throughout the experiments with using three kinds of drum machine.
Rationale
The prevalence of burnout among critical care professionals during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic varies in different countries.
Objectives
To investigate the prevalence of burnout and turnover intention in Japanese critical care professionals in March 2021.
Methods
This cross-sectional study used a web-based survey of Japanese critical care professionals working in 15 intensive care units in 15 prefectures. Burnout was measured using the Mini Z 2.0 Survey. Intention to leave (turnover intention) was assessed by survey. Resilience was measured using the Brief Resilience Scale (Japanese version). Demographics and personal and workplace characteristics were also collected.
Results
Of 1,205 critical care professionals approached, 936 (77.6%) completed the survey. Among these, 24.3%, 20.6%, and 14.2% reported symptoms of burnout, depression, and anxiety, respectively. A total of 157 respondents (16.8%) reported turnover intention. On multivariate analysis, higher resilience scores (odds ratio [OR], 0.90; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.84–0.95; and OR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.91–0.96) and perceived support from the hospital (OR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.44–0.93; and OR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.40–0.73) were associated with a lower odds of burnout and turnover intention, respectively.
Conclusions
Approximately 24% and 17% of the Japanese critical care professionals surveyed had symptoms of burnout and turnover intention from critical care, respectively, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Such professionals require organizational support to cultivate both individual and organizational resilience to reduce burnout and turnover intention.
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