The search for fuel cell membranes has focused on carbon backbone polymers, among which Nafion seems to best survive the most severe of the degradation mechanismsattack by peroxide radicals. Less attention has been given to inorganic membranes because of their generally inflexible nature and lower conductivity, though some SiO 2-Nafion composites have shown improved properties. Nafion dominates, despite needing hydration, which then restricts operation to below 100ºC (so CO poisoning problems persist). Described herein is a low cost, flexible, and all-inorganic fiberglass reinforced gel membrane with conductivity exceeding that of Nafion at any temperature above 60ºC. Using Teflon fuel cells, maximum currents >1 Acm-2 and OCV of 1.03 V at 150ºC are demonstrated. No detectable loss of cell potential was observed over 24 hours during 50 mAcm-2 constant current operation at 120ºC while, at 150ºC and maximum power, the degradation rate is intermediate among other high conductivity H 3 PO 4-PBI type membranes. The structure of the membrane is deduced, mainly from 29 Si solid state-NMR. The-115 ppm resonance, which is extreme for Q 4 Si(O) structures, identifies a zeolite-like
Purpose Tourists must possess technological competence, as technology becomes increasingly ubiquitous in travel. However, few studies have investigated tourists’ technological competence (TTC). Thus, this study aims to develop a valid and reliable scale for measuring TTC. Design/methodology/approach In the development of the scale, the authors first reviewed the literature and consulted experts to formulate an initial set of items. The items were then reduced using exploratory factor analysis, and the measures were validated through confirmatory factor analysis. Two distinct sets of data were collected to develop and validate the TTC scale. Findings The final scale has 21 items and five factors: searching and booking for travel information online, using self-service systems, operating VR/AR technologies, using apps for travel and using technology at tourist destination. After analyzing the reliability, construct validity, criterion-related validity and known-group validity, the TTC scale has been established as a measurement tool with acceptable reliability and validity. Originality/value The authors proposed the concept of technological competence in tourists and developed a scale to measure it. In addition to filling research gaps, understanding the items relating to TTC can help promote tourism education in the digital and technological age and provide reference for those developing technological services at tourist destinations.
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