Sorghum distillery residue (SDR) has antioxidant and blood thinning effect on fish fed during winter, but inhibited their growth. The objective of this study was to eliminate the adverse effect but to maintain the nutraceutical benefits of SDR. The content of tannin in SDR was found to be 3.3 mg/g on dry weight basis. An in vitro digestibility test was developed to simulate the in vivo digestion of grey mullet. The protein digestibility of SDR was 47% lower than that of the control. Inhibition of trypsin activity correlated with the amount of SDR extract (r = 0.98) and decreased significantly (P < 0.05) when the SDR extract was pretreated with polyethylene glycol (PEG), a tannin binding agent. Based on Lineweaver‐Burk plot analysis, the inhibition of SDR on trypsin was of noncompetitive mixed type with changes in both Vmax and Km. A detannin treatment with PEG was tested. This treatment may provide an example to utilize other plant protein sources rich in tannin as fish feed ingredients.
Livestock are one of the largest single sources of methane emissions, which is a greenhouse gas. In this study, alfalfa meal was tested as a feed additive to lower the methane generation in the three species of waterfowl. Four experiments were conducted to determine methane generation in the intestines of Muscovy ducks, mule ducks and White Roman geese of the same age and with the same diet. In experiment I, the in vitro methane generation of the cecal contents was the largest compared to other intestinal compartments in each species (p < 0.05). Moreover, the methane generation of the cecal content or colon and rectum in goslings was higher than in mule and Muscovy ducklings (p < 0.05) at six weeks of age. In experiment II, the cumulative methane generation in the cecal content of mule ducks at 8 weeks of age was the largest among all species (p < 0.05). In experiment III, 4-month-old Muscovy ducks had the highest average methane generation per bird per day among the three species (p < 0.05). In experiment IV, the methane generation of the cecal content in birds fed a grower diet supplemented with a 30% alfalfa meal diet was lower than that of birds fed grower diet for all three species. Based on the above results, it is suggested that age, the method of measurement (in vitro vs. in vivo) and composition of diet significantly affect the level of methane generation in the intestine for Muscovy ducks, mule ducks and White Roman geese. The amounts of methane generation of the cecal contents in the three species were 36.1, 13.9, and 34.2 µg/g/4 h, respectively. By adding 30% alfalfa meal, the cumulative methane generation of the cecal contents for the three species were reduced by 63.3-95.5%. The addition of alfalfa meal to feed thus has good potential with regard to decreasing greenhouse gases emissions from waterfowl.
This study aimed to identify the bioactive compounds and evaluate the anti-cold-stress function of the sorghum distillery residue (SDR) using tilapia as an alternative animal model. The highest contents of water-soluble bioactive compounds in SDR were polyphenols, followed by tannins, anthocyanins, and flavonoids. SDR was extracted with double-distilled water, 95% ethanol, and ethyl acetate, separately. The ethanol extract (SDR-E) yielded the highest polyphenol content [15.03 mg/g of SDR dry weight (dw)], of which the EC50 value of R,R-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging efficiency was 0.56 ± 0.04 mg/mL. The SDR-E suppressed the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) more efficiently than that of other extracts. Tilapia fed a diet containing 3.6% SDR-E decreased accumulative mortality during cold stress, of 46.2%. The accumulative morality of the control was 92.9%. The phenolic acids identified in SDR included gallic acid (0.36 ± 0.08 mg/g of SDR dw), 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (0.16 ± 0.12 mg/g of SDR dw), and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (0.49 ± 0.23 mg/g of SDR dw). Diets supplemented with 0.5% 4-hydroxybenzoic acid fed to tilapia showed a lower mortality rate than that fed 1.0% 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, comparable to that of the tilapia fed 20% SDR. The latter showed lower mortality than that of the control. These results suggested that 4-hydroxybenzoic acid is one of the major anti-cold-stress compounds in SDR.
This study used Levilactobacillus brevis LUC 247 to ferment black rice sourdough, made into Type III black rice sourdough powder to produce black rice sourdough bread. The composition analysis, antioxidant capacity, and storage stability of the black rice sourdough bread with different proportions of black rice powder (0–60%) and fermented for different lengths of time (0–48 h) were discussed. The results showed that the black rice sourdough had the maximum lactic acid bacteria count (9 Log CFU/g) during 12 to 36 h of fermentation. The titratable acid, lactic acid, and acetic acid yields increased with the fermentation time and the proportion of black rice powder. The total anthocyanin content and antioxidant capacity increased with the fermentation time. The hardness and chewiness of the black rice sourdough bread were positively correlated with the black rice sourdough powder content and increased with storage time. In addition, the growth of fungi was significantly slowed as the additional level of black rice sourdough powder increased.
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