We present a new method of performing chemical shift correlation spectroscopy in solids with magic angle spinning (MAS). Its key feature is a longitudinal mixing period of π pulses that recouples the dipolar interaction. We discuss experimental results for triply-13C-labeled alanine and a theory combining MAS and π pulses.

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We report magic angle spinning, dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) experiments at magnetic fields of 9.4 T, 14.1 T, and 18.8 T using the narrow line polarizing agents 1,3-bisdiphenylene-2-phenylallyl (BDPA) dispersed in polystyrene, and sulfonated-BDPA (SA-BDPA) and trityl OX063 in glassy glycerol/water matrices. The 1 H DNP enhancement field profiles of the BDPA radicals exhibit a significant DNP Overhauser effect (OE) as well as a solid effect (SE) despite the fact that these samples are insulating solids. In contrast, trityl exhibits only a SE enhancement. Data suggest that the appearance of the OE is due to rather strong electron-nuclear hyperfine couplings present in BDPA and SA-BDPA, which are absent in trityl and perdeuterated BDPA (d 21 -BDPA). In addition, and in contrast to other DNP mechanisms such as the solid effect or cross effect, the experimental data suggest that the OE in non-conducting solids scales favorably with magnetic field, increasing in magnitude in going from 5 T, to 9.4 T, to 14.1 T, and to 18.8 T. Simulations using a model two spin system consisting of an electron hyperfine coupled to a 1 H reproduce the essential features of the field profiles and indicate that the OE in these samples originates from the zero and double quantum cross relaxation induced by fluctuating hyperfine interactions between the intramolecular delocalized unpaired electrons and their neighboring nuclei, and that the size of these hyperfine couplings is crucial to the magnitude of the enhancements. Microwave power dependent studies show that the OE saturates at considerably lower power levels than the solid effect in the same samples. Our results provide new insights into the mechanism of the Overhauser effect, and also provide a new approach to perform DNP experiments in chemical, biophysical, and physical systems at high magnetic fields. INTRODUCTIONThe last decade has witnessed a renaissance in the use of high frequency dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) to enhance sensitivity in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments. In particular, the development of gyrotron and other high frequency microwave sources permits DNP to be performed at magnetic fields used in contemporary NMR experiments (5-20 T). 1-8 To date these experiments, which have focused mostly on insulating solids formed from glassy, frozen solutions of proteins and other nonconducting materials, have relied primarily on narrow line monoradicals and the solid effect (SE) 1, 9-11 or nitroxide biradicals and the cross effect (CE) [12][13][14][15][16][17][18] to mediate the polarization process. These approaches have resulted in large signal enhancements and have enabled many experiments that would otherwise be impossible. [19][20][21][22][23] by Overhauser 25 and confirmed by Carver and Slichter, 26 has not been identified or utilized during the course of this renaissance. Although the possibility of an OE in insulator was discussed by Abragam, 27 the conventional wisdom is that Overhauser DNP is important only in systems with mobile electrons ...

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Dynamic nuclear polarization has gained high popularity in recent years, due to advances in the experimental aspects of this methodology for increasing the NMR and MRI signals of relevant chemical and biological compounds. The DNP mechanism relies on the microwave (MW) irradiation induced polarization transfer from unpaired electrons to the nuclei in a sample. In this publication we present nuclear polarization enhancements of model systems in the solid state at high magnetic fields. These results were obtained by numerical calculations based on the spin density operator formalism. Here we restrict ourselves to samples with low electron concentrations, where the dipolar electron-electron interactions can be ignored. Thus the DNP enhancement of the polarizations of the nuclei close to the electrons is described by the Solid Effect mechanism. Our numerical results demonstrate the dependence of the polarization enhancement on the MW irradiation power and frequency, the hyperfine and nuclear dipole-dipole spin interactions, and the relaxation parameters of the system. The largest spin system considered in this study contains one electron and eight nuclei. In particular, we discuss the influence of the nuclear concentration and relaxation on the polarization of the core nuclei, which are coupled to an electron, and are responsible for the transfer of polarization to the bulk nuclei in the sample via spin diffusion.

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