Esterquats, which are quaternary ammonium compounds having two long (C(16)-C(18)) fatty acid chains with 2 weak ester linkages, represent a new generation of fabric softening agents, having replaced the dialkyldimethylammonium salts (e.g. DTDMAC and DSDMAC). The inclusion of ester linkages into the aliphatic chains has significantly improved the kinetics of biodegradation of the cationic surfactants, lowering the environmental exposure levels. This new generation of fabric softening agents combines a good environmental profile with the structural features required for an effective fabric conditioner. The present paper reviews the synthesis, types, actives combines a good environmental profile with the structural features required for a properties and applications of esterquats.
Fabric softening has been an important part of the home laundry routine for nearly 50 years. Softeners were introduced first in the U.S. market around 1955 and about 10 years later in Europe (1-3). This type of product is also widespread in Japan and is still expanding and growing worldwide (4). A softener is a chemical that softens the fabric and makes it more pleasing to the touch. The application of household fabric softeners during laundering has become a routine for American families (Baumert & Crews,1996) (5). Fabric softeners can help to improve fabric hand and decrease unwanted static cling. Apart from this, fabric softeners are used in a variety of forms in consumer's applications. They are designed to give a pleasant feel to garments, and to impart freshness or pleasant smell. Besides this, they control the static electricity that impairs the comfort handling and wearing clothes when ambient humidity is low. In addition to these qualities, softeners give drape and silkiness, improve abrasion resistance, increase tearing strength and reduce sewing thread breakage. Softeners are normally applied by the consumers after fabrics are laundered (6). The market of the fabric softeners is growing. This is mirrored in the projection of a 3-8% annual growth rate in various markets around the world (7) (Table 1). The main ingredient in fabric softeners is a cationic surfactant. Cationic softeners were discovered in the early years of the 20th century but were not used by the 267 JOS
In this study, an attempt has been made to synthesize esteramide quat by esterification of palm fatty acids with 1(2-hydroxyethyl piperazine) followed by quaternization with dimethyl sulphate (DMS). The optimum reaction conditions for esterification of palm fatty acids and 1(2-hydroxyethyl piperazine) were found to be 170°C reaction temperature and 150 mmHg pressure. The obtained esteramide was subjected to quaternization with different molar ratios of DMS. The consequences revealed that esteramide to DMS ratio of 1 : 0.95 and duration of quaternization for 2 h yielded esteramide quat of maximum cationic content, i.e., 64.9%. The instrumental analysis, viz. FT-IR, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR verified the esterification and subsequent quaternization of the obtained esteramide quat. Furthermore, the surface-active and performance properties of synthesized esteramide quat were also evaluated.
Quaternary ammonium salts (otherwise known as ''quats'') commonly form the foundation of formulations in the antimicrobial industry. Many studies have been conducted on the biological activity of surfactants derived from fatty acids viz. lauric acid, myristic acid, stearic acid and palmitic acid and palm fatty acid with polyamine, i.e. 1(2-hydroxyethylpiperazine). The present paper investigates the synthesis and surface-active properties of esteramide quats derived from the esterification of the above-mentioned fatty acids and 1(2-hydroxyethylpiperazine) followed by quaternization using dimethyl sulphate (DMS). These derivatives were fully characterized by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. In addition to the cationic content, surface tension, CMC (critical micelle concentration), fabric softening, rewettability, emulsification and dispersing power were determined as their surface-active properties.
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