Lasers are used in implant and periodontal field practices. Laser has various periodontal applications including calculus removal, decontamination of root and implant surfaces and bio stimulation, incision and ablation, osseous surgery, excision of the soft tissue, and bacterial reduction. There is a strong evidence that laser is used for surgical and nonsurgical periodontal therapies including root bio modification, bacterial decline and decontamination of infected implant surface, and removal of the pocket epithelium.Waterlase® and Periowave™ systems are recent devices that have further revolutionized the laser technology for its favorable clinical applications; however, the procedural cost with the laser device constitutes an obstacle for its routine application. Keywords: laser, biomodulation, fluorencence, LANAP
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is an exhausting sleep disorder regulating an individual's routine life. It is the most common type of sleep-disordered breathing and is characterized by recurrent episodes of upper airway collapse during sleep. Besides, several studies are performed to prove the efficacy of lifestyle strategies to resolute OSA in adults. Reducing weight, quitting alcohol and smoking, eating a nutritional diet, and exercising are the modifications to benefit people. This review aims to expand our knowledge of the association between alterations to comportment and better treatment outcomes for sleep apnea.
Periodontal diseases are inflammatory and destructive diseases of the dentogingival complex associated with specific periodontal pathogens inhabiting periodontal pockets. Periodontal diseases lead to damage of the periodontal tissues supporting the teeth (bone and connective tissue) and affect the quality of life of the affected individuals: poor alimentation, tooth loss, social and financial problems. Although it is generally considered that the disease has multifactorial etiology, data show that some specific Gram-negative microorganisms in the subgingival plaque biofilm play a major role in the initiation and progression of periodontitis. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola and Tannerella forsythia form a consortium in the subgingival biofilm and are regarded as the principal periodontopathogenic bacteria. Other microorganisms that have been implicated as predominant species in the disease process are: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia, Campylobacter rectus, Peptostreptococcus migros, Eikenella corrodens. In periodontitis, the initiation of the disease is the colonization of the tissues by these pathogenic species. The next step is bacterial invasion or invasion by pathogenic products into the periodontal tissues, interactions of bacteria or their substances with host cells, and this directly/indirectly causes degradation of the periodontium, resulting in tissue destruction. Keywords: periodontal disease, periodontal pathogens, microbiology.
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a coronavirus. Coronaviruses are a group of enveloped viruses with nonsegmented, single-stranded, and positive-sense RNA genomes. Apart from infecting a variety of economically important vertebrates (such as pigs and chickens), six coronaviruses have been known to infect human hosts and cause respiratory diseases. Among them, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) are zoonotic and highly pathogenic coronaviruses that have resulted in regional and global outbreaks Coronaviruses possess a distinctive morphology, the name being derived from the outer fringe, or corona‖ of embedded envelope protein. Members of the family Coronaviridae cause a broad spectrum of animal and human diseases. Uniquely, replication of the RNA genome proceeds through the generation of a nested set of viral mRNA molecules. Human coronavirus (HCoV) infection causes respiratory diseases with mild to severe outcomes. In the last 15 years, we have witnessed the emergence of two zoonotic, highly pathogenic HCoVs: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Replication of HCoV is regulated by a diversity of host factors and induces drastic alterations in cellular structure and physiology. In this review all (as we possible) information about Corona viruses are given. Keywords: Corona virus, respiratory, viruses, Hcov, host, RNA.
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